Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in the United States

Article I

Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to
any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices
or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly;
and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon
State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear
explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices.

Article II

Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive
the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other
nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive
devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire
nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or
receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other
nuclear explosive devices.

Article III

1. Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to accept
safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated and concluded
with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute
of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Agency’s safeguards
system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfilment of its
obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing diversion
of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear
explosive devices. Procedures for the safeguards required by this Article
shall be followed with respect to source or special fissionable material
whether it is being produced, processed or used in any principal nuclear
facility or is outside any such facility. The safeguards required by this
Article shall be applied on all source or special fissionable material in
all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such State, under
its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere.

2. Each State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to provide: (a) source or
special fissionable material, or (b) equipment or material especially
designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special
fissionable material, to any non-nuclear-weapon State for peaceful
purposes, unless the source or special fissionable material shall be
subject to the safeguards required by this Article.

3. The safeguards required by this Article shall be implemented in a manner
designed to comply with Article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid hampering
the economic or technological development of the Parties or international
co-operation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities, including the
international exchange of nuclear material and equipment for the
processing, use or production of nuclear material for peaceful purposes in
accordance with the provisions of this Article and the principle of
safeguarding set forth in the Preamble of the Treaty.

4. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall conclude agreements
with the International Atomic Energy Agency to meet the requirements of
this Article either individually or together with other States in
accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Negotiation of such agreements shall commence within 180 days from the
original entry into force of this Treaty. For States depositing their
instruments of ratification or accession after the 180-day period,
negotiation of such agreements shall commence not later than the date of
such deposit. Such agreements shall enter into force not later than
eighteen months after the date of initiation of negotiations.

Article IV

1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable
right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and
use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in
conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty.

2. All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the
right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment,
materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful
uses of nuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall
also co-operate in contributing alone or together with other States or
international organizations to the further development of the applications
of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of
non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for
the needs of the developing areas of the world.

Article V

Each Party to the Treaty undertakes to take appropriate measures to ensure
that, in accordance with this Treaty, under appropriate international
observation and through appropriate international procedures, potential
benefits from any peaceful applications of nuclear explosions will be made
available to non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty on a
non-discriminatory basis and that the charge to such Parties for the
explosive devices used will be as low as possible and exclude any charge
for research and development. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty
shall be able to obtain such benefits, pursuant to a special international
agreement or agreements, through an appropriate international body with
adequate representation of non-nuclear-weapon States. Negotiations on this
subject shall commence as soon as possible after the Treaty enters into
force. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty so desiring may also
obtain such benefits pursuant to bilateral agreements.

Article VI

Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good
faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race
at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and
complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

Article VII

Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of States to conclude
regional treaties in order to assure the total absence of nuclear weapons
in their respective territories.

Article VIII

1. Any Party to the Treaty may propose amendments to this Treaty. The text
of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary Governments
which shall circulate it to all Parties to the Treaty. Thereupon, if
requested to do so by one-third or more of the Parties to the Treaty, the
Depositary Governments shall convene a conference, to which they shall
invite all the Parties to the Treaty, to consider such an amendment.

2. Any amendment to this Treaty must be approved by a majority of the votes
of all the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes of all nuclear-weapon
States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the
amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the
International Atomic Energy Agency. The amendment shall enter into force
for each Party that deposits its instrument of ratification of the
amendment upon the deposit of such instruments of ratification by a
majority of all the Parties, including the instruments of ratification of
all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which,
on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of
Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Thereafter, it shall
enter into force for any other Party upon the deposit of its instrument of
ratification of the amendment.

3. Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of
Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to
review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the
purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being
realised. At intervals of five years thereafter, a majority of the Parties
to the Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the
Depositary Governments, the convening of further conferences with the same
objective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty.

Article IX

1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which
does not sign the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with
paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States.
Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited
with the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of
America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

3. This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States,
the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and
forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their
instruments of ratification. For the purposes of this Treaty, a
nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear
weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January, 1967.

4. For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited
subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into
force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or
accession.

5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and
acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each
instrument of ratification or of accession, the date of the entry into
force of this Treaty, and the date of receipt of any requests for convening
a conference or other notices.

6. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant
to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article X

1. Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right
to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events,
related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme
interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all
other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security Council
three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the
extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme
interests.

2. Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference
shall be convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force
indefinitely, or shall be extended for an additional fixed period or
periods. This decision shall be taken by a majority of the Parties to the
Treaty.

Article XI

This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of
which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the
Depositary Governments. Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be
transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the
signatory and acceding States.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorised, have signed this
Treaty.

DONE in triplicate, at the cities of London, Moscow and Washington, the
first day of July, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight.


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