Student Criminal Liability
Student Criminal Liability Criminal Liability in general About Criminal Liability in general, see here. Student Criminal Liability New Mexico Court … Read more
Civil rights
Civil Rights
Civil Rights in the United States Civil Rights Definition The rights of a citizen; the rights of an individual as a citizen; the rights due from one citizen to another, the privation of which is a civil wrong, for which redress may be sought in a civil action. Also sometimes applied to the […]
Censorship
Censorship in the United States Censorship in the United States When the American colonists drafted laws before 1776, they borrowed from English precedents regarding personal rights and liberties but went far beyond Great Britain in the fields of freedom of religion, speech, press, and […]
Property
Property in United States Property Definition
The right and interest which a man has in lands and chattels, to the exclusion of others. 6 Bin. (Pa.) 98; 4 Pet. (U. S.) 511; 17 Johns. (N. Y.) 283; 59 N. Y. 192; 31 Cal. 637; 11 East, 290, 518; 14 East, 370. The right to possess, use, […]
Segregation
Segregation in the United States United States Constitution According to the Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, about its article titled "Segregation", from the beginning, racial discrimination in America has been a national phenomenon. Jim Crow was a southern name for […]
Citizenship
Citizenship in the United States Definition of Citizenship Citizenship means membership in a political community. Citizenship may pertain either to a state or to the United States or to both. Each status carries with it certain obligations of the citizen and also gives the citizen the […]
Privacy
Privacy in the United States Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in the United States Privacy A constitutional right of privacy, drawn from the Bill of Rights provisions protecting the security of home and person, as well as freedom of association, was first […]
Religious Freedom
Religious Freedom in the United States Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in the United States: Religious Freedom Although religious freedom has not generally been curtailed in the United States, Roman Catholics, Jews, and members of such unconventional Protestant groups as the Oneida […]
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Speech in the United States Some Supreme Court Decisions The Supreme Court has long held that the First Amendment does not protect "true threats." But the Court has never developed a standard for determining what constitutes a true threat, an issue that comes up with […]
LGBT
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) in the United States “We are big and vast and diverse; a nation of people with different backgrounds and beliefs, different experiences and stories, but bound by our shared ideal that no matter who you are or what you look like, how you started […]
Money Laundering
Money Laundering in the United States Definition and Introduction to Money Laundering By Steven Mark Levy, who is an attorney in Los Angeles. He is the author of Federal Money Laundering Regulation: Banking, Corporate and Securities Compliance (Aspen Publishers). Before 1970 anyone could […]
Persons With Disabilities
Persons With Disabilities in the United States There are approximately 50 million people in this country living with disabilities. In an increasingly global economy, we simply cannot afford to leave talent on the table. Individuals with disabilities possess the skills and talent to support […]
Electronic Communications
Electronic Communications in the United States Patriot Act Provisions of the Patriot Act Electronic Communications Introduction to Electronic Communications The Patriot Act expands the government's ability to eavesdrop on or to monitor electronic communications, such as telephone calls and […]
Civil Rights Bill
Civil Rights Bill in the United States Speech by George C. Wallace in 1964: (…) It is therefore a cruel irony that the President of the United States has only yesterday signed into law the most monstrous piece of legislation ever enacted by the United States Congress. It is a fraud, a […]
Liberty
Liberty in United States Liberty Definition (Lat. Uier, free; Kbertas, freedom, liberty). Freedom from restraint; the faculty of willing, and the power of doing what has been willed, without influence from without. As used in the constitution means not only freedom of the citizen from […]
Terrorism
Terrorism in the United States Terrorism Definition It means the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. The U.S. Army definition is as follows: the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain political or religious ideological goals through […]
Majority
Majority in United States Majority Definition The state or condition of a person who has arrived at full age. He is then said to be a major, in opposition to minor, which is his condition during infancy. The greater number; more than all the opponents; more than half of the whole number or […]
Sexual Discrimination
Sexual Discrimination in the United States Introduction to Sexual Discrimination Classification by Sex The Constitution speaks of the civil rights of the people, persons, and citizens. Nowhere does it make its guarantees only to men or separately to women. The only reference to sex is in […]
History of Affirmative Action
History of Affirmative Action in the United States Introduction Note: this subject is developed in the following entry: affirmative action in the U.S. But what about the effects of past discrimination? Consider an African American who, for no reason of his or her own making, did not get a […]
Criminal Trials
Criminal Trials in the United States The Rights of Defendants Much of the world’s image of U.S. criminal trials is created by Hollywood television dramas — from Perry Mason, who rarely if ever failed to win acquittal for his clients, to L.A. Law. These shows do not necessarily accurately […]
Habeas Corpus
Habeas Corpus in the United States A court order requiring the state to show cause for a person’s detention. Habeas corpus is a Latin term meaning you have the body. Habeas corpus was originally a procedure in English law designed to prevent governmental misconduct, especially the improper […]
Woman Suffrage History
Woman Suffrage History in the United States Woman Suffrage In Colonial America Introduction to Woman Suffrage History The women’s suffrage movement originated in the United States during the 19th century. In colonial America, as elsewhere in the world, civil law did not recognize the […]
Affirmative Action Plan
Affirmative Action Plan in the United States Affirmative Action Plan in Labor Law According to unr.edu, Affirmative Action Plan is defined as: The written document through which management assures that all persons have equal opportunities in recruitment, selection, appointment, promotion, […]
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in the United States A program designed to remedy the effects of past discrimination. Affirmative Action programs are typically used in employment or educational situations and tend to offer advantage or preference to a particular group that has suffered previous […]
CEDAW
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in the United States The United Nations CEDAW is one of the core international human rights treaties. It is often referred to as the ‘women’s bill of rights’, because it specifically targets the promotion and […]
Right to Life
Right to Life in the United States Concepts In relation to Rights to Life, Liberty and Property, there are definitions in the American legal dictionary (see the entries) about the following topics: Naturalization Dual citizenship Right of expatriation Property rights Contract clause […]
Equal Rights
Equal Rights in the United States Equal Rights, Sexual Behaviour and the Law Further Reading Equal Rights in the Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior and the Law Concepts In relation to the Equal Rights under the Law, there are definitions in the American legal dictionary (see the entries) about […]
Minorities
Minorities in the United States Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in the United States: Rights of Other Minorities Note: Civil Rights for Hispanics and Asian Americans and Rights of Women are separate entries of this legal Encyclopedia.The struggle for civil rights has not been confined to […]
First Amendment Freedoms
First Amendment Freedoms in the United States Concepts In relation to the First Amandments freedoms, there are definitions in the American legal dictionary (see the entries) about the following topics: Writ of habeas corpus Ex post facto law Bill of attainder Due process clause Selective […]
Civil Rights History
Civil Rights History in United States From the 1870s to the late 1950s, Congress did not pass a single piece of meaningful civil rights legislation. Several factors contributed to that sorry fact. Among the major ones: Through that period the nation’s predominantly white population was […]
Civil Rights Movement
America´s Civil Rights Movement in the United States Introduction to the America´s Civil Rights Movement According to theEncyclopedia of the American Constitution, because the basic rights of citizenship were not equally available to all Americans at the nation’s inception, civil rights […]
Susan Brownell Anthony
Susan Brownell Anthony in the United States Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) Introduction According to the Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, Susan B. Anthony was born in Adams, Massachusetts to a Quaker father and a Baptist mother. She never married and was a […]
American Civil Liberties Union
American Civil Liberties Union in the United States American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), organization devoted to defending the individual rights and freedoms of all people in the United States. The ACLU works to protect the civil liberties granted by the Constitution of the United States and […]
Foreign Intelligence
Foreign Intelligence in the United States Patriot Act Provisions of the Patriot Act Foreign Intelligence Gathering Within the United States Introduction to Foreign Intelligence The Patriot Act lowers the standards that the government is required to follow to gather intelligence on the […]
Gays
Gays in the United States The Gay Rights Revolution in the United States and the Constitutional Justice This section covers the following topics: The history of Gay Rights, including: A Brave Few: Gays and Lesbians in the 1950s and 60s The Early Push for Marriage Rights The […]
Rights of Women
Rights of Women in the United States Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in the United States: Rights of Women Historically, American women have been denied their civil rights in suffrage (they were unable to vote until a 1920 constitutional amendment), employment, and other areas. In the […]
Basic Education
Basic Education in the United States Education Legal Materials The U.S. Department of Education posts education-related research reports and statistics, plus information about the Department and financial aid (www.ed.gov). Westlaw has an Education News database (EDNEWS), and ProQuest […]
American Civil Liberties Union In The 1930s And 1940s
American Civil Liberties Union in the 1930s and 1940s in the United States The ACLU went on to join a wide variety of rights-related causes that challenged traditional political and social mores. In 1932 the ACLU organized the National Committee on Freedom from Censorship ‘to fight censorship […]
Terrorists
Terrorists in the United States Patriot Act Provisions of the Patriot Act Material Aid to Terrorists Introduction to Terrorists Prior to the Patriot Act, U.S. law made it a criminal act to provide material support to an individual or organization that committed terrorist acts. The Patriot Act […]
Private Records
Private Records in the United States Patriot Act Provisions of the Patriot Act Private Records Introduction to Private Records The Patriot Act has two sections-section 215 and section 505-that make it easier for the government to obtain a person’s medical, library, financial, student, or […]
Abortion Constitutional Rights
Abortion Constitutional Rights in the United States Abortion Rights With many state legislatures in 2013 adopting new limits on abortions, the United States Supreme Court opted to review a case dealing with a state’s ability to restrict the use of prescription drugs to induce an abortion. […]
Civil Rights Division
Civil Rights Division in the United States The Civil Rights Division, headed by an Assistant Attorney General, was established in 1957 to secure effective Federal enforcement of civil rights. The Division is the primary institution within the Federal Government responsible for enforcing […]
Miranda Rights outside the United States
Miranda Rights outside the United States (US) Miranda Rights were established in the United States The Miranda Rights were created in the United States. Initially, Miranda Rights were established in the U.S. following the trial of one Ernesto Miranda in 1963 – Miranda confessed to rape […]
List of Civil Rights/Constitutional Books
List of Civil Rights/Constitutional Books in the United States ABC-CLIO Companion to the Native American Rights Movement (1996) Academic Freedom (1989) Attention Deficit Disorder and the Law (1992) Basic Cases in Constitutional Law (1987) The Burger Court, 1968-1984 (1986) Congress and […]
American Civil Liberties Union In The 1950s And 1960s
American Civil Liberties Union in the 1950s and 1960s in the United States In 1954 the ACLU joined the legal battle to prohibit racial segregation in public schools in the case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The ACLU filed a friend-of-the-court-brief in support of the National […]
American Civil Liberties Union In The 1970s And 1980s
American Civil Liberties Union in the 1970s and 1980s in the United States In 1973 the ACLU joined the legal battle to abolish criminal abortion laws in the landmark Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade. The ACLU filed a friend-of-the-court brief to urge the Court to recognize a woman’s right to an […]
American Civil Liberties Union Developments
American Civil Liberties Union Developments in the United States By the 1990s, the ACLU had argued more cases before the U.S. Supreme Court than any other entity except the U.S. Department of Justice. During the 1990s the organization became increasingly involved in labor-management issues […]
American Civil Liberties Union Early Years
American Civil Liberties Union Early Years in the United States The ACLU was founded by American civil liberties advocate Roger Baldwin and other social reformers as an outgrowth of the American Union Against Militarism. That organization had been formed during World War I (1914-1918) to seek […]
Civil Rights And Civil Liberties
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in the United States Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in the United States The civil rights and liberties of U.S. citizens are largely embodied in the Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the Constitution) and in similar provisions in state […]
War On Terror
War on Terror in the United States Civil Rights and Liberties: Criminal Trials and Due Process during the War on Terror in relation to Crime and Race War on Terror is included in the Encyclopedia of Race and Crime (1), beginning with: The War on Terror continues to garner attention from the […]