Papers about Law in the United States

Emergence of scaling in random networks
Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, Reka Albert in Science (1999)
Systems as diverse as genetic networks or the world wide web are best described as networks with complex topology. A common property of many large networks is that the vertex connectivities follow a scale-free power-law distribution.

Power-law distributions in empirical data
Aaron Clauset, Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, M E J Newman in Physics (2000)
Power-law distributions occur in many situations of scientific interest and have significant consequences for our understanding of natural and man-made phenomena. Unfortunately, the detection and characterization of power laws is complicated by the…
Papers about Law • 426
An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.
B Weiner in Psychological Review (1985)
A theory of motivation and emotion is proposed in which causal ascriptions play a key role. It is first documented that in achievement-related contexts there are a few dominant causal perceptions. The perceived causes of succes and failure share 3…
Papers about Law • 204
Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf’s law
M E J Newman in October (2004)
When the probability of measuring a particular value of some quantity varies inversely as a power of that value, the quantity is said to follow a power law, also known variously as Zipf’s law or the Pareto distribution. Power laws appear widely in…
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the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis: Patch Dynamics and Mechanisms of Species Coexistence
Stephen H Roxburgh, Katriona Shea, J Bastow Wilson in Ecology (2004)
The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) has been used for several decades as an explanation for the coexistence of species in ecological communities. It is 14 intuitively simple, but deceptively so. We show, via discussion and examples, that…
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Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach
Gary S Becker in Journal of Political Economy (1968)
Durante dos décadas seguidas, las del ’80 y el ’90, la Argentina experimentó como procesos paralelos y tal vez asociados, el crecimiento de sus tasas de desempleo y el incremento de la actividad criminal. Este estado de cosas parecería demostrar,…
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A Brief History of Generative Models for Power Law and Lognormal Distributions
Michael Mitzenmacher in Internet Mathematics (2004)
Recently, I became interested in a current debate over whether file size distributions are best modelled by a power law distribution or a lognormal distribution. In trying to learn enough about these distributions to settle the question, I found a…
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Critical Truths About Power Laws
M P H Stumpf, M A Porter in Science (2012)
The ability to summarize observations using explanatory and predictive theories is the greatest strength of modern science. A theoretical framework is perceived as particularly successful if it can explain very disparate facts. The observation that…
Papers about Law • 167
Scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour.
David W Sims, Emily J Southall, Nicolas E Humphries, Graeme C Hays, Corey J A Bradshaw, Jonathan W Pitchford, et al. in Nature (2008)
Many free-ranging predators have to make foraging decisions with little, if any, knowledge of present resource distribution and availability. The optimal search strategy they should use to maximize encounter rates with prey in heterogeneous natural…
Papers about Law • 156
A general theory of ecology
Samuel M Scheiner, Michael R Willig in Theoretical Ecology (2007)
Ecologists bemoan the dearth of theory in ecolo- gy, in particular, the lack of an overarching, general theory. These complaints largely are unjustified. The components of a general theory of ecology have existed for the past half century;…
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Corporate Social Responsibility
Peter Muchlinski in PLoS Medicine (2008)
Recent attempts by large tobacco companies to represent themselves as socially responsible have been widely dismissed as image management. Existing research supports such claims by pointing to the failings and misleading nature of corporate social…
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The Lucretian swerve: The biological basis of human behavior and the criminal justice system
Anthony R Cashmore in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010)
It is widely believed, at least in scientific circles, that living systems, including mankind, obey the natural physical laws. However, it is also commonly accepted that man has the capacity to make free conscious decisions that do not simply…
Papers about Law • 118
Investor Protection and Corporate Governance
Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez De Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, Robert W Vishny in Journal of Financial Economics (2000)
Recent research has documented large differences among countries in ownership concentration in publicly traded firms, in the breadth and depth of capital markets, in dividend policies, and in the access of firms to external finance. A common element…
Papers about Law • 117
Graphs over Time: Densification Laws, Shrinking Diameters and Possible Explanations
Jure Leskovec, Jon Kleinberg, Christos Faloutsos in Physical Review (2005)
How do real graphs evolve over time? What are “normal” growth patterns in social, technological, and information networks? Many studies have discovered patterns in static graphs, identifying properties in a single snapshot of a large network, or…
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Fishing, selection, and phenotypic evolution
R Law in ICES Journal of Marine Science (2000)
Large changes are taking place in yield-determining traits of commercially exploited fish, including traits such as size-at-age and age-at-maturation. The cause of these phenotypic changes is often not understood, and genetic change arising from the…
Papers about Law • 105
I Tube , You Tube , Everybody Tubes : Analyzing the World ’ s Largest User Generated Content Video System
Meeyoung Cha, Haewoon Kwak, Pablo Rodriguez, Yong-yeol Ahn, Sue Moon in Power (2007)
User Generated Content (UGC) is re-shaping the way people watch video and TV, with millions of video producers and consumers. In particular, UGC sites are creating new viewing patterns and social interactions, empowering users to be more creative,…
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A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid ?-oxidation
Sander Michel Houten, Ronald J A Wanders in Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease (2010)
Over the years, the mitochondrial fatty acid ?-oxidation (FAO) pathway has been characterised at the biochemical level as well as the molecular biological level. FAO plays a pivotal role in energy homoeostasis, but it competes with glucose as the…
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Problems with Fitting to the Power-Law Distribution
Michel L Goldstein, Steven A Morris, Gary G Yen in European Physical Journal B (2004)
This short communication uses a simple experiment to show that fitting to a power law distribution by using graphical methods based on linear fit on the log-log scale is biased and inaccurate. It shows that using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)…
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Power-law distributions in empirical data
Aaron Clauset, Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, M E J Newman in SIAM Review (2007)
Power-law distributions occur in many situations of scientific interest and have significant consequences for our understanding of natural and man-made phenomena. Unfortunately, the detection and characterization of power laws is complicated by the…
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Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data
Aaron Clauset, Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, M E J Newman in SIAM Review (2009)
Power-law distributions occur in many situations of scientific interest and have significant consequences for our understanding of natural and man-made phenomena. Unfortunately, the detection and characterization of power laws is complicated by the…
Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: A synthesis
L Fahrig in Ecological Applications (2002)
I reviewed and reconciled predictions of four models oil the effect of habitat fragmentation on the population extinction threshold, and I compared these predictions to results, from empirical studies. All four models predict that habitat…
Papers about Law • 93
Glycosaminoglycans in development, health and disease. Preface.
Lijuan Zhang in Progress in molecular biology and translational science (2010)
A preface for the November/December 2006 issue of “Library Technology Reports” is presented.
Papers about Law • 92
Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy
Lawrence Lessig in Africa (2008)
The author of Free Culture shows how we harm our children?and almost anyone who creates, enjoys, or sells any art form?with a restrictive copyright system driven by corporate interests. Lessig reveals the solutions to this impasse offered by a…
Papers about Law • 90
Fitts’ Law as a Research and Design Tool in Human-Computer Interaction
I Scott MacKenzie in Human-Computer Interaction (1992)
According to Fitts’ law, human movement can be modeled by analogy to the transmission of information. Fitts’ popular model has been widely adopted in numerous research areas, including kinematics, human factors, and (recently) human-computer…
Papers about Law • 87
Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy
Jürgen Habermas in Technology (1996)
299-(Ch. 8: Civil society and the political pulic sphere)
Papers about Law • 86
Graphs over time: densification laws, shrinking diameters and possible explanations
Jure Leskovec, Jon Kleinberg, Christos Faloutsos in Physical Review (2005)
How do real graphs evolve over time? What are “normal” growth patterns in social, technological, and information networks? Many studies have discovered patterns in static graphs, identifying properties in a single snapshot of a large network, or in…
Papers about Law • 83
The complex dynamics of collaborative tagging
Harry Halpin, Valentin Robu, Hana Shepherd in Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web WWW 07 (2007)
The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classifications against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the…
Papers about Law • 84
Network biology: understanding the cell’s functional organization.
Albert-László Barabási, Zoltán N Oltvai in Nature Reviews Genetics (2004)
A key aim of postgenomic biomedical research is to systematically catalogue all molecules and their interactions within a living cell. There is a clear need to understand how these molecules and the interactions between them determine the function…
Papers about Law • 84
Earnings management and investor protection: an international comparison
Christian Leuz, Dhananjay Nanda, Peter D Wysocki in Journal of Financial Economics (2003)
This paper examines systematic differences in earnings management across 31 countries. We propose an explanation for these differences based on the notion that insiders, in an attempt to protect their private control benefits, use earnings…
Papers about Law • 82
Search in Power-Law Networks
L A Adamic, R M Lukose, A R Puniyani, B A Huberman in Physical Review E (2001)
Many communication and social networks have power-law link distributions, containing a few nodes which have a very high degree and many with low degree. The high connectivity nodes play the important role of hubs in communication and networking, a…
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Neuroscientific challenges to free will and responsibility.
Adina Roskies in Trends in Cognitive Sciences (2006)
Recent developments in neuroscience raise the worry that understanding how brains cause behavior will undermine our views about free will and, consequently, about moral responsibility. The potential ethical consequences of such a result are…
Papers about Law • 80
A Theory of Justice
John Rawls in Philosophical Review (1999)
Since it appeared in 1971, John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice has become a classic. The author has now revised the original edition to clear up a number of difficulties he and others have found in the original book. Rawls aims to express an essential…
Papers about Law • 78
A general theory of ecology
Samuel M Scheiner, Michael R Willig in Theoretical Ecology (2007)
Ecologists bemoan the dearth of theory in ecology, in particular, the lack of an overarching, general theory. These complaints largely are unjustified. The components of a general theory of ecology have existed for the past half century; ecologists…
Papers about Law • 76
On estimating the exponent of power-law frequency distributions
E P White, B J Enquist, J L Green in Ecology (2008)
Power-law frequency distributions characterize a wide array of natural phenomena. In ecology, biology, and many physical and social sciences, the exponents of these power laws are estimated to draw inference about the processes underlying the…
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Product sequencing: co-evolution of knowledge, capabilities and products
Constance E Helfat, Ruth S Raubitschek in Strategic Management Journal (2000)
This article provides a conceptual model that explains how the coevolution of organizational knowledge, capabilities, and products over long time spans can result in competitive advantage through innovation and strategic linkage of products at a…
Papers about Law • 75
Randomized gossip algorithms
S Boyd, A Ghosh, B Prabhakar, D Shah in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (2006)
Motivated by applications to sensor, peer-to-peer, and ad hoc networks, we study distributed algorithms, also known as gossip algorithms, for exchanging information and for computing in an arbitrarily connected network of nodes. The topology of such…
Papers about Law • 75
Shifts in metabolic scaling, production, and efficiency across major evolutionary transitions of life
John P DeLong, Jordan G Okie, Melanie E Moses, Richard M Sibly, James H Brown in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010)
The diversification of life involved enormous increases in size and complexity. The evolutionary transitions from prokaryotes to unicellular eukaryotes to metazoans were accompanied by major population growth rate, and production efficiency with…
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Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life
Erik D Andrulis in Life (2011)
Life is an inordinately complex unsolved puzzle. Despite significant theoretical progress, experimental anomalies, paradoxes, and enigmas have revealed paradigmatic limitations. Thus, the advancement of scientific understanding requires new models…
Papers about Law • 75
Human rights
J Murdoch in Human Rights (2003)
The concept of human rights is the mother’s milk of the international community. Problem is, these days human rights come in more flavors than coffee or soft drinks. Would you like the Asian, Islamic, indigenous, economic, European, or U.S. version?…
Papers about Law • 75
Effective enforcement in a conservation area.
Ray Hilborn, Peter Arcese, Markus Borner, Justin Hando, Grant Hopcraft, Martin Loibooki, et al. in Science (2006)
Wildlife within protected areas is under increasing threat from bushmeat and illegal trophy trades, and many argue that enforcement within protected areas is not sufficient to protect wildlife. We examined 50 years of records from Serengeti National…
A New Constitutive Framework for Arterial Wall Mechanics and a Comparative Study of Material Models
Gerhard A Holzapfel, Thomas C Gasser, R A Y W Ogden in Journal of Elasticity (2000)
In this paper we develop a new constitutive law for the description of the (passive) mechanical response of arterial tissue. The artery is modeled as a thick-walled nonlinearly elastic circular cylindrical tube consisting of two layers corresponding…
Papers about Law • 71
Effects of the Surface Roughness on Sliding Angles of Water Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Masashi Miwa, Akira Nakajima, Akira Fujishima, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Toshiya Watanabe in Langmuir (2000)
Various superhydrophobic films having different surface roughnesses were prepared, and the relationships between the sliding angle, the contact angle, and the surface structure were investigated In the highly hydrophobic region, the sliding angles…
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A Dictionary of Law
Oxford Paperback Reference in Oxford paperback reference (2006)
This acclaimed dictionary is the most comprehensive of its kind, with over 4,200 concise, informative entries on all aspects of English law, with 200 entries new to this volume. The Dictionary defines all the major terms, concepts, processes, and…
Papers about Law • 68
Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Convection-Dominated Problems
Bernardo Cockburn, Chi-Wang Shu in Journal of Scientific Computing (2000)
In this paper, we review the development of the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) methods for non-linear convection-dominated problems. These robust and accurate methods have made their way into the main stream of computational fluid…
Papers about Law • 66
Sampling from large graphs
Jure Leskovec, Christos Faloutsos in Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining KDD 06 (2006)
Given a huge real graph, how can we derive a representative sample? There are many known algorithms to compute interesting measures (shortest paths, centrality, betweenness, etc.), but several of them become impractical for large graphs. Thus graph…
Papers about Law • 65
The Transformation of Open Source Software
Brian Fitzgerald in MIS Quarterly (2006)
A frequent characterization of open source software is the somewhat outdated, mythical one of a collective of supremely talented software hackers freely volunteering their services to produce uniformly high-quality software. I contend that the open…
Papers about Law • 65
The relationship between working memory capacity and executive functioning: evidence for a common executive attention construct.
David P McCabe, Henry L Roediger, Mark A McDaniel, David A Balota, David Z Hambrick in Neuropsychology (2010)
Attentional control has been conceptualized as executive functioning by neuropsychologists and as working memory capacity by experimental psychologists. We examined the relationship between these constructs using a factor analytic approach in an…
Papers about Law • 64
Hard and Soft Law in International Governance
Kenneth W Abbott, Duncan Snidal in International Organization (2000)
Presents a study which explored the reasons for the widespread legalization of international governance. Definition of hard law; Advantages of soft law; Contracts and covenants of international agreements; Role of nonstate actors.ABSTRACT FROM…
Papers about Law • 64
Dynamics of social networks
Holger Ebel, Joern Davidsen, Stefan Bornholdt in Complexity (2003)
Complex networks as the World Wide Web, the web of human sexual contacts or criminal networks often do not have an engineered architecture but instead are self-organized by the actions of a large number of individuals. From these local interactions…
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When Did Bayesian Inference Become “Bayesian”?
Stephen E Fienberg in Bayesian Analysis (2006)
While Bayes theorem has a 250-year history, and the method of in- verse probability that flowed from it dominated statistical thinking into the twen- tieth century, the adjective Bayesian was not part of the statistical lexicon until relatively…
Papers about Law • 64
Moore’s law: past, present and future
R R Schaller in Spectrum IEEE (1997)
A simple observation, made over 30 years ago, on the growth in the number of devices per silicon die has become the central driving force of one of the most dynamic of the world’s industries. Because of the accuracy with which Moore’s Law has…
Papers about Law • 62
Amdahl’s Law in the Multicore Era
M D Hill, M R Marty in Computer (2008)
Augmenting Amdahl’s law with a corollary for multicore hardware makes it relevant to future generations of chips with multiple processor cores. Obtaining optimal multicore performance will require further research in both extracting more parallelism…
Papers about Law • 61
Income distribution trends and future food demand
Xavier Cirera, Edoardo Masset in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London – Series B: Biological Sciences (2010)
This paper surveys the theoretical literature on the relationship between income distribution and food demand, and identifies main gaps of current food modelling techniques that affect the accuracy of food demand projections. At the heart of the…
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Highly optimized tolerance: a mechanism for power laws in designed systems.
J M Carlson, J Doyle in Physical Review E Statistical Physics Plasmas Fluids And Related Interdisciplinary Topics (1999)
We introduce a mechanism for generating power law distributions, referred to as highly optimized tolerance (HOT), which is motivated by biological organisms and advanced engineering technologies. Our focus is on systems which are optimized, either…
Papers about Law • 60
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics in Astrophysics
Volker Springel in Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (2011)
This review discusses Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) in the astrophysical context, with a focus on inviscid gas dynamics. The particle-based SPH technique allows an intuitive and simple formulation of hydrodynamics that has excellent…
Papers about Law • 59
The Maxwell-Stefan approach to mass transfer
R Krishna, J A Wesselingh in Chemical Engineering Science (1997)
The limitations of the Fick’s law for describing diffusion are discussed. It is argued that the Maxwell-Stefan formulation provides the most general, and convenient, approach for describing mass transport which takes proper account of thermodynamic…
Papers about Law • 58
Social and Political Philosophy
The Blackwell Guide in New York (2002)
The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy” brings together a collection of newly commissioned essays which examine fundamental issues in social and political theory. Written by leading social and political philosophers, each essay…
Papers about Law • 58
Statistical analysis of the social network and discussion threads in slashdot
Vicenç Gómez, Andreas Kaltenbrunner, Vicente López in Proceeding of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web WWW 08 (2008)
We analyze the social network emerging from the user comment activity on the website Slashdot. The network presents common features of traditional social networks such as a giant component, small average path length and high clustering, but differs…
Papers about Law • 58
Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self–other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new relationship
Christian E Waugh, Barbara L Fredrickson in The Journal of Positive Psychology (2006)
Based on Fredrickson’s ((1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.; (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56,…
Papers about Law • 58
Laboratory-Derived Friction Laws and Their Application To Seismic Faulting
Chris Marone in Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (1998)
This paper reviews rock friction and the frictional properties of earthquake faults. The basis for rate- and state-dependent friction laws is reviewed. The friction state variable is discussed, including its interpretation as a measure of average…