International law: Culture protection in the United States
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background Resources
Other Resource Guides
Background Websites
Major Treatises
Symposia
Bibliographies
Journals Dedicates to Cultural Property Law and Art Law
Journal Indexes
News Sources
Legal Instruments
International Legal Conventions
European Legal Documents
Regional Treaties
Bilateral/Multilateral Treaties
National Legal Documents
Efforts to Protect Cultural Property
International/Regional Conferences/Organizations/Agencies
Responses to Nazi Looting
Efforts During and Immediately After WWII
Current Efforts
International Agencies
Regional Agencies
National Agencies
Cultural Property Stolen in Iraq
Other Useful Resources
I. Introduction
The purpose of this guide is to direct the reader to important sources of information, both print and electronic, concerning the protection of cultural property in wartime, international trade in cultural property, and the laws applicable to the illicit traffic of art and antiquities. Section V of this guide highlights resources that are specific to the topic of restitution of Nazi-looted art. Section VI highlights resources on stolen cultural property in Iraq. This guide focuses on materials in English.
II. Background Resources
A. Other Resource Guides
Art Law: Research Guide for the Visual Arts & Cultural Property Law (University of Miami Law Library)
Fighting the Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property (International Council of Museums, ICOM)
Spoliation of Jewish Cultural Property (International Council of Museums, ICOM)
Society – Crime – Theft – Art and Antiquities – World War II (Open Directory Project)
Sources for Provenance Research (Clark Art Institute)
B. Background Websites
Holocaust-Era Assets (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)
International Cultural Property Protection (U.S. Department of State)
Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage (UNESCO)
Museum Security Network
C. Major Treatises
Association of Art Museum Directors. Professional Practices in Art Museums. New York: Association of Art Museum Directors, 2001. [First published in 1971, revised every ten years thereafter.]
Akinsha, Konstantin, et al. Beautiful Loot: the Soviet Plunder of Europe’s Art Treasures. New York: Random House, 1995.
Alford, Kenneth D. The Spoils of World War II: The American Military’s Role in the Stealing of Europe’s Treasures. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1994.
Bator, Paul. The International Trade in Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Briat, Martine and Judith A. Freedberg, eds. Legal Aspects of International Trade in Art – Les aspects juridiques du commerce international de l’art. Paris; New York: ICC Pub.; The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1996.
Feliciano, Hector. The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the World’s Greatest Works of Art. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
Gerstenblith, Patty. Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law. Carolina Academic Press, 2004.
Greenfield, Jeannette. The Return of Cultural Treasures. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Howe Jr., Thomas Carr. Salt Mines and Castles: The Discovery and Restitution of Looted European Art. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1946.
Hoffman, Barbara, ed. Art Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy & Practice. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, ed. Resolution of Cultural Property Disputes: Papers Emanating from the Seventh PCA International Law Seminar, May 23, 2003. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2004.
Kowalski, Wojciech W. Art Treasures and War: a Study on the Restitution of Looted Cultural Property, Pursuant to Public International Law. London: Institute of Art and Law, 1998.
Kurtz, Michael J. Nazi Contraband: American Policy on the Return of European Cultural Treasures, 1945-1955. New York: Garland, 1985.
Meyer, Karl E. The Plundered Past. New York: Atheneum, 1973.
Merryman, John Henry, ed.. Imperialism, Art and Restitution. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Merryman, John Henry. Thinking About the Elgin Marble: Critical Essays on Cultural Property, Art and Law. The Hague, Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000.
Murphy, J. David. Plunder and Preservation: Cultural Property Law and Practice in the People’s Republic of China. Hong Kong, New York: Oxford University, 1995.
Nicholas, Lynn H. The Rape of Europa: the Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War. New York: Knopf, 1994.
OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit Reports, 1945-46. Washington, D.C., National Archives and Records Administration, 2000 (microfilm). [more information at http://www.archives.gov/research_room/holocaust_era_assets/art_provenance_and_claims/oss_art_looting_investigation_unit_reports.html]
O’Keefe, Patrick J. Trade in Antiquities: Reducing Destruction and Theft. Paris: UNESCO pub; London: Archetype, 1997.
Petropoulos, Jonathan. Art as Politics in the Third Reich. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
____________________. The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
The Protection of Movable Cultural Property I: Compendium of Legislative Texts. Paris: UNESCO, 1984-.
Prott, Lyndel V. Commentary on the Unidroit Convention on Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Objects 1995. Leicester: Institute of Art and Law, 1997.
______________ and P.J. O’Keefe. Law and the Cultural Heritage, v.1 Discovery
and Excavation and v.3 Movement. Abingdon, Oxon.: Professional Books, 1984-1989.
St. Clair, William. Lord Elgin and the Marbles. Oxford, New York: Oxford
University Press, 1998.
Simpson, Elizabeth, ed. The Spoils of War: World War II and its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: H.N. Abrams in association with the Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, 1997.
Smyth, Craig Hugh. Repatriation of Art from the Collection Point in Munich after World War II: Background and Beginnings with Reference Especially to the Netherlands. Maarssen, Netherlands: G. Schwartz, 1988.
Toman, Jiri. The Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict: Commentary on the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Protocol, signed on 14 May, 1954 in the Hague, and on Other Instruments of International Law Concerning Such Protection. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt, USA: Dartmouth Pub. Co., 1996.
Wechsler, Helen. Museum Policy and Procedure for Nazi-Era Issues. Resource Report. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Museums, 2001.
Williams, Sharon A. The International and National Protection of Movable Cultural Property: a Comparative Study. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1978.
Yeide, Nancy H., Konstantin Akinsha, and Amy L. Walsh. The AAM Guide to Provenance Research. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Museum, 2001.
To find other books on the topic, check the catalog of your library for books with the following subject headings:
Art treasures in war
Cultural property – Protection
Cultural property – Protection – Law and legislation
Cultural property – Protection (International Law)
Restitution
World War 1939-1945 – Confiscations and contribution
World War 1939-1945 – Destruction and pillage
D. Symposia
A Symposium on Destruction and Rebuilding of Architectural Treasures in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Washington, D.C., May 2, 1994.
Canadian Symposium on Holocaust-era Cultural Property, Ottawa, Ontario, November 13-16, 2001
The International Art Trade & the Ethics of Collecting, Thursday, February 21, 2002, Harvard Law School
Video archive is available on the site with links to seminal articles written by international art trade experts.
Regional Conference on the Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property, Moscow, Russian Federation, 17-20 September 2002 (UNESCO)
Recommendations of the meeting are available in a pdf document.
Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property in Southeast Asia: An International Seminar, Bangkok, 24-26 March 2004
Schedule of the seminar in pdf format.
E. Bibliographies
Fiedler, Wilfried. Bibliography on the Law of the International Protection of Cultural Property. Berlin: De Gruyter Recht, 2003. (in German and English)
includes works in German, English, French, Italian and partly also Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese published up to the year 2000, very extensive, well-organized, and well-indexed.
“Selected Bibliography.” The Spoils of War: World War II and its Aftermath: the Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. Ed. Elizabeth Simpson. New York: H.N. Abrams in association with the Bard Graduate Center for the Studies in the Decorative Arts, 1997.
Bibliography: Looted Art (A Teacher’s Guide to the Holocaust, produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida)
Houdek, Frank G. Protection of Cultural Property & Archaeological Resources: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Law Related Materials. New York: Oceana Publications, 1988.
Holocaust-Era Assets (US National Archives and Records Administration) includes “bibliographic citations, printed and online, dealing with Holocaust-Era Assets,” divided into sections by subject. It also includes many articles from journals, magazines and newspapers. Selected Bibliography on Art Theft (copyright Getty Museum)
Provenance Bibliography (The Art Institute of Chicago)
Spoliation of Jewish Property: Bibliography Compiled by the UNESCO.ICOM Information Centre
Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights: A Pathfinder for Native People, Students, Educators and the General Public: Pathfinder and Annotated Bibliography
F. Journals Dedicated to Cultural Property Law and Art Law
Art, Antiquity and Law (Institute of Art and Law, UK)
Table of contents and subscription information only
IFAR Journal (International Foundation for Art Research)
Table of contents and subscription information only
International Journal of Cultural Property (Cambridge University Press) (2005-present)
The Journal was previously published by the International Cultural Property Society.
There has been a publication hiatus after volume 11, issue 2 published in 2002. Full text articles from vols. 10-11, and abstracts of articles from vols. 7-9 are available.
Spoils of War (International Newsletter published by the German Coordination Office of the Federal States for the Return of Cultural Treasures)
No. 0
http://www.beutekunst.de/bremen/sow/contents.html
No. 1, December 1995
http://www.dhh-3.de/biblio/bremen/sow1/contents.html
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=1
No. 2, July 1996
http://www.dhh-3.de/biblio/bremen/sow2/contents.html
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=2
No. 3, December 1996
http://www.dhh-3.de/biblio/bremen/sow3/contents.html
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=3
No. 4, August 1997
http://www.dhh-3.de/biblio/bremen/sow4/contents.html
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=4
No. 5, June 1998
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=5
No. 6, February 1999
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=6
No. 7, August 2000
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=7
Special Edition, November 2001
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=7s
No. 8, May 2003
http://www.lostart.de/nforum/spoilsofwar.php3?nummer=8
G. Journal Indexes
Index to Legal Periodicals
LegalTrac (Current Law Index)
Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals
Academic Search Premier
PAIS International
H. News Sources
ArtsJournals.com
ArtsNews Magazine
“Restitution: Unfulfilled Promises” – a two-part series published in the December 2006 and January 2007 issues.
The Art Newspaper.com
Culture Without Context: Newsletter of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre
ICOM News
ICME News (International Committee for Museums of Ethnography)
III. Legal Instruments
A. International Legal Instruments
The Lieber Code (Francis Lieber, Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field,1863)
http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/historical/LIEBER-CODE.txt
http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/0/a25aa5871a04919bc12563cd002d65c5?OpenDocument
International Convention with Respect to the Law and Customs of War by Land (Hague II), July 29, 1899, 2 Martens Nouveau Recueil (2d) 949.
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague02.htm
Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV), October 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2277, 15 U.N.T.S. 9.
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm
Article 238 of the Treaty of Peace between the Allied & Associated Powers and Germany, Versailles, June 28, 1919, 112 BFSP 1, 212 (protocol); 11 Martens (3d) 323, 672 (protocol); 2 Bevans 32, 235 (protocol).
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/menu.htm
Inter-Allied Declaration Against Acts of Dispossession Committed in Territories under Enemy Occupation or Control, London, January 5, 1943
Also known as the London DeclarationSee Appendix 9 (p.287), E. Simpson, ed. The Spoils of War–World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1997.
See also Annex 1, International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, ed. Resolution of Cultural Property Disputes: Papers Emanating from the Seventh PCA International Law Seminar, May 23, 2003. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2004
Judgment of the International Military Tribunal, Sept. 30, 1946
Volume 22 of Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, pp.411-414, 481-486 (1948)
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/09-30-46.htm
Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954 Hague Convention on Cultural Property), May 14, 1954, 249 U.N.T.S. 240.
http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/hague/html_eng/page1.shtml (Text) http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/hague/html_eng/page9.shtml (Status: done at the Hague, 14 May 1954 and entered into force 7 August 1956) Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflicts, 14 May 1954 and entered into force 7 August 1956), 249 U.N.T.S. 358.
amended by The Second Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflicts, 26 March 1999, 38 I.L.M. 769.
Statutes of the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, December 5, 1956, 1321 UNTS 286; 22 UST 19 (as revised, Apr. 24, 1963, and Apr. 14-17, 1969); TIAS 7038.
http://www.iccrom.org/eng/about/govern/statutes.htm (Text)
Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of cultural Property, November 14, 1970, 823 U.N.T.S. 231.
http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/1970/html_eng/page1.shtml (Text)
http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/1970/html_eng/page3.shtml (Status: Done at Paris 14 November 1970 and entered into force 24 April 1972)
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, November 23, 1972, 27 U.S.T. 37, 1037 U.N.T.S. 151.
http://whc.unesco.org/world_he.htm http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/BH605.txt (Text version)
http://whc.unesco.org/wldrat.htm (Ratification parties)
Restitution of Works of Art to Countries Victims of Expropriation, (partly changed)
G.A. Res. 3187, U.N. GAOR, 28th Sess., U.N.Doc.A/Res/3187(XXVIII) (1973): http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/28/ares28.htm, then scroll down and click “Resolution 3187”
G.A. Res. 3218, U.N. GAOR, 32nd Sess., U.N.Doc.A/Res/32/18 (XXXII) (1977) http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/32/ares32r18.pdf
Recommendation Concerning the International Exchange of Cultural Property, Adopted by the General Conference at its Nineteenth Session, Paris, 30 November 1976.
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13132&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114038e.pdf – page=132 (pdf)
Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property, Adopted by the General Conference at its Twentieth Session, Paris, 28 November 1978.
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13137&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf#page=176 (pdf)
UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, June 24, 1995, 34 I.L.M. 1322.
http://www.unidroit.org/english/conventions/1995culturalproperty/main.htm
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, November 6, 2001, 41 I.L.M. 40.
http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/underwater/html_eng/convention.shtml
UNESCO Declaration Concerning the International Destruction of Cultural Heritage, October 17, 2003
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17718&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001331/133171e.pdf#page=68
International Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, passed in 2003 awaiting formal ratification (UNESCO)
http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=16429&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Treaty Collections
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
Cultural Protection Treaties and Other International Agreements (Edwin Ginn Library, The Fletcher School, Tufts University)
International Conventions (The Illicit Antiquities Research Centre, IARC)
The text of UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property and the Final Act of the Diplomatic Conference for the Adoption of the Draft Unidroit Convention on the International Return of Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects in English, French, Italian, German and Spanish
International Laws (Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, U.S. State Department)
Legal Protection for Cultural Heritage: UNESCO Conventions
B. European Legal Documents
Council of Europe Documents
European Cultural Convention, July 19, 1954
European Convention on Offenses Relating to Cultural Property, June 23, 1985, ETS 119; 25 ILM 44.
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/119.htm
Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe, October 3, 1985, 1496 UNTS 147; ETS 121; 25 ILM 380.
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/121.htm
European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised), January 16, 1992, ETS 143.
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/143.htm
Resolution 1205, Looted Cultural Property, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Nov. 4, 1999
European Union Documents
Council Directive 93/7/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the Return of Cultural Objects Unlawfully Removed from the Territory of a Member State [Official Journal L 74 of 27.03.1993]
http://europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc=Directive&an_doc=1993&nu_doc=7
amended by Council Directive 2001/38/EC of June 2001 [Official Journal L 187 of 10.07.2001]
C. Regional Treaties
Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutes and Historic Monument (also known as the Roerich Pact), April 15, 1935, 167 LNTS 289; OASTS 33; 49 Stat. 3267; 3 Bevans 254.
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/1935a.htm
http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/www/roerich.html
Treaty on the Protection of Movable Property of Historic Value, April 15, 1935, OASTS 28.
D. Bilateral/Multilateral Treaties
Many peace treaties between nations at war include provisions for restitution of cultural objects. A few examples:
Treaty of Peace with Austria, with Supplementary Protocol, Declaration and Special Declaration, and Protocol of Signature (also known as the Treaty of St. Germain of 1919 with Austria), September 10, 1919, 11 Martens (3d) 691.
Treaty of Peace with Hungary (also known as Treaty of Tranon of 1920 with Hungary), June 4, 1920, 12 Martens (3d) 423; BTS 19 (1920), Cmd.896.
Treaty of Peace (also know as Treaty of Riga of 1921), March 18, 1921, 6 LNTS 123; 13 Martens (3d) 141.
E. National Legal Documents
United States
U.S. Federal Cultural Property Legislation and U.S. Federal Preservation Laws
Other Countries
To find laws of a specific country, identify the sources of law first. One of the best sources to gather such information is: T. Reynolds & A. Flores, Foreign Law: Current Sources of Codes and Basic Legislation in Jurisdictions of the World (Littleton, CO: Rothman, 1989- ). The electronic version provides links to web sites where full text of or information on the law can be found.
The Handbook of National Regulations Concerning the Export of Cultural Property prepared for UNESCO by Lyndel Prott & Patrick O’Keefe in 1988
IV. Efforts to Protect Cultural Property
Efforts to Protect Cultural Property Worldwide
The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the State Department maintains a list of efforts to protect cultural property worldwide.
A. International/Regional Conferences/Organizations/Agencies
U.S. Federal Cultural Property Legislation and U.S. Federal Preservation Laws
Art Loss Register Art Loss Register
European Heritage Network (HEREIN)
It is “a permanent information system of the council of Europe linking European governmental departments responsible for cultural heritage conservation… It has been developed as an instrument for implementing and monitoring the European conventions on the architectural and archaeological heritage.”
Holocaust Art Restitution Project
“The Holocaust Art Restitution Project (HARP) has as its goal to provide the best possible information on the paths of dispersal of many valuable works of art that disappeared or changed hands during the course of the Holocaust. HARP will aid those searching for lost objects and teach and share knowledge with all people about the art collections that were dispersed at the hands of the Nazi government and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Images and stories of found and lost art will be published and made available to educators, scholars and the public. The mission of HARP is to assemble and share large amounts of information for those who need it. It is not within HARP’s mandate actually to recover the artworks.”
International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)
Established in Rome in 1959, ICCROM is an intergovernmental organization aiming at improving the quality of conservation practice as well as raising awareness about the importance of preserving cultural heritage. The decision to found ICCROM was made at the 9th UNESCO General Conference in New Delhi in 1956.
International Council of Museums (ICOM)
ICOM was created in 1946 as a non-governmental organization maintaining formal relations with UNESCO. The web site provides useful links to Fighting the Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property; Spoliation of Jewish Cultural Property; Resources on Iraqi Museum Collections.
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
“ICOMOS is an international non-governmental organization of professionals, dedicated to the conservation of the world’s historic monuments and sites.” The web site provides, among other things, the Draft UNESCO Declaration Concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage and the World Heritage List.
INTERPOL
The INTERPOL maintains a list of stolen art and recovered art: http://www.interpol.int/Public/WorkOfArt/Default.asp
Nuremberg War Crime Trials (Yale’s Avalon Project)
Object ID
Object ID is an international Standard for describing cultural objects with the aim to combat art theft. Initiated by the J. Paul Getty Trust, the standard is being promoted by major law enforcement agencies, art appraisal organizations, and insurance companies.
Red List
The site includes Red List of African Archaeological Cultural Objects at Risk, Red List of Latin American cultural Objects at Risk, and Emergency Red List of Iraqi Antiquities at Risk.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organziation)
Washington Conference, 1922
World Customs Organizations
B. U.S. Organizations
Association of Art Museum Director
American Association of Museums
AAM Guidelines Concerning the Unlawful Appropriation of Objects during the Nazi Era
FBI’s Art Theft Program
U.S. National Central Bureau of INTERPOL Cultural Property Program (US Department of Justice)
The President’s Cultural Property Advisory Committee
“The Committee convenes when a request is received from a country asking for U.S. Assistance under Article 9 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention. The committee is responsible for reviewing requests and recommending a course of action to the US State Department, where the president’s decision-making responsibility under the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act resides.”
V. Responses to Nazi Looting
A. Efforts During and Immediate After WWII
Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA), Section of United States Military Government in Germany
Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU) of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
Inter-Allied Declaration a Against Acts of Dispossession Committed in Territories under Enemy Occupation or Control, London, January 5, 1943 (also known as the London Declaration)
War Trade Between Switzerland and the Axis Power Exchange of Letters, with annexes, at Bern, March 8, 1945
Wiesbaden Manifesto, November 7, 1945
Annex II of The Resolution of Cultural Property
The National Archives and Record Administration of the United States (NARA) has put the following records in microfilm and provides descriptions of the collections on their Holocaust Era Assets page:
OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit Reports, 1945-46
http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1782.pdf
Records of the Repatriations and Restitutions Branch of the U.S. Allied Commission for Austria (USACA) Section, 1945-1950
http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1926.pdf
Records of the Monuments and Fine Arts Branch of the U.S. Allied Commission for Austria (USACA) Section, 1945-1950
http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1927.pdf
Records of the German External Assets Branch of the U.S. Allied Commission for Austria (USACA) Section, 1945-1950 http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1928.pdf
Records Concerning The Central Collecting Points (“Ardelia Hall Collection”): Miscellaneous Property Reports, 1945-1948
http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1940.pdf
Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (“Ardelia Hall Collection”): OMGUS Headquarters Records, 1938-1951
http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1941.pdf
Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (“Ardelia Hall Collection”): Offenbach Archival Depot, 1945-1951 http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1942.pdf
ERR (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg) Card File and Related Photographs, 1940-1945
http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1943.pdf
Records Concerning The Central Collecting Points (“Ardelia Hall Collection”): Marburg Central Collecting Point, 1945-1990
http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1948.pdf
Records of the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA) Section of the Reparations and Restitution Branch, OMGUS, 1945-1951
http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/microfilm-publications/m1949.pdf
B. Current Efforts
1. International Agencies
Art Loss Register
Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany
Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1933-1945
International List of Current Activities Regarding Holocaust-Era Assets, Including Historical Commissions, and Forced and Slave Labor (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum)
Washington Conference on Holocaust-Era Assets
Washington Conference Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art
World Heritage Center
The World Jewish Congress Commission for Art Recovery (WJCCAR)
2. Regional Agencies
Resolution 1205 of the Council of Europe
Vilnius Forum Declaration
The Commission for Looted Art in Europe
ECLA is an independent, non profit-making body which is mandated to represent the European Council of Jewish Communities (DCJC) and the Conference of European Rabbis (CER) to deal with all matters relating to Nazi looted art and other cultural property.
World Heritage Center
The World Jewish Congress Commission for Art Recovery (WJCCAR)
3. National Agencies
United States
American Association of Museum Directors (AAMD)
American Associations of Museums (AAM)
AAM Guidelines Concerning the Unlawful Appropriation of Objects During the Nazi Era, November 1999, amended April 2001
The Documentation Project (Project for the Documentation of Wartime Cultural Losses)
Holocaust Era Assets (National Archives & Records Administration)
Nazi-Era Provenance Internet Portal
Produced and managed by the American Association of Museums, “the Nazi-Era Provenance Internet Portal provides a searchable registry of objects in U.S. museum collections that changed hands in Continental Europe during the Nazi era (1933-1945).” 89 museums participate so far.
New York State Holocaust Claims Processing Office – Art Claims
Plunder and Restitution: Findings and Recommendations of the Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the US and Staff Report December 2000
Presidential Commission on Holocaust Assets in the US
It is “charged with conducting original research into the fate of assets taken from victims of the Holocaust that came into the possession of the U.S. Federal Government; reviewing research done by others regarding assets that came to private collections and non-Federal government organizations; and advising the President on policies that should be adopted to make restitution to the rightful owners of stolen property of their heirs.”
Project for the Documentation of Wartime Cultural Losses (the Documentation Project)
Under the auspices of the Cultural Property Research Foundation, Inc, the Documentation Project engages in research relating to works of art, archives, and other types of cultural property displaced as a consequence of war (with a focus on World War II) and disseminates research results on their web site. Three research projects are now available: The Jeu de Paume and the Looting of France, the Art Looting Investigation Unit Final Report, The Russian Law on “Trophy Art.”
Provenance Research Projects:
Art Institute of Chicago
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Cleveland Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Museum of Modern Art
National Gallery of Art
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During World War II
United Kingdom
Art and Antiques Stolen Property Database (A.C.I.S.)
Under the auspices of the Cultural Property Research Foundation, Inc, the Documentation Project engages in research relating to works of art, archives, and other types of cultural property displaced as a consequence of war (with a focus on World War II) and disseminates research results on their web site. Three research projects are now available: The Jeu de Paume and the Looting of France, the Art Looting Investigation Unit Final Report, The Russian Law on “Trophy Art.”
The Central Registry of Information of Looted Cultural Property, 1933-1945
The Information Database “contains information and documentation from forty countries (which participated in the 1998 Washington Conference on Holocaust Era Looting), including laws and polities, reports and publications, archival records, current cases and relevant sites.”
The Object Database “will contain details of several thousand objects of all kinds from over twelve countries.”
National Museum Directors’ Conference: Spoliation of Works of Art during the Holocaust and World War II Period: Progress Report on UK Museums’ Provenance Research for the Period 1933-1945
Spoliation Advisory Panel, Department for Culture, Media and Sport http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/Cultural_property/sap.htm
It was set up in April 2000 to “help resolve claims from people – or their heirs – who lost cultural property during the Nazi era which is now held by UK national collections.
Canada
Canadian Museums Association
A Matter of Justice: Recommendations of the Canadian Symposium of Holocaust-era Cultural Property http://www.museums.ca/en/conferences/past_conferences/canadian_symposium_on_holocaust_era_cultural_property/
Provenance Research Projects:
National Gallery of Canada
Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
Art Gallery of Ontario
Other Countries
Provenance Research Project (National Gallery of Victoria, Australia)
Restitution at Landesmuseum Joanneum (Austria)
Restitution Art (Czech Republic)
Catalogue des MRN (Musées Nationaux Récupération)
Schloss Collection Non-restituted Works Looted (Ministère des affaires étrangères, France)
Lost Art Internet Database (Germany)
Art Treasures Removed from Italy During the War Period, 1940-1945 (Interministerial Commission for Art Works, Italy)
Advisory Committee on the Assessment of Restitution Applications for Items of Cultural Value and the Second World War ( The Netherlands)
http://www.restitutiecommissie.nl/en
Origins Unknown (The Netherlands)
This Web site maintains a database of 4,000 art objects (the Nederlands Kunstbezit collection, NK Collection) that are what remain of the artworks recuperated from Germany after World War II and are managed by the State. The Web site also includes reports published so far on the subject.
Wartime Losses Polish Painting: Oil Paintings, Pastels, Watercolours Lost between 1939-1945 within Post-1945 Borders of Poland
Russian State Commission on the Restitution of Cultural Property
Articles and books
(HOT!) n.d. The Parthenon Sculptures. Press release by the British Museum. Viewed January 27, 2010. Available online: http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press_releases/statements/the_parthenon_sculptures.aspx.
– “Periodically, the question of where the surviving sculptures from the Parthenon should now be displayed becomes a subject of public discussion. This page provides key information for understanding the complex history of the Parthenon and its sculpture. The main arguments of the debate are also presented here. For another view, see the website of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture culture.gr.” [Also see the British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles, online at http://www.parthenonuk.com/.]
– Includes a link to “The Parthenon Sculptures: the position of the Trustees of the British Museum”. Available online: http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press_releases/statements/the_parthenon_sculptures/parthenon_-_trustees_statement.aspx.
anonymous
2010 Yale Will Return Machu Picchu Artifacts. Inside Higher Ed Quick Takes November 22, 2010. Online: http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/11/22/qt#244047.
– “Alan Garcia, president of Peru, announced on Friday that Yale University has committed to return a collection of artifacts from Machu Picchu in early 2011 — possibly ending years of negotiations and legal threats over the pieces, which were taken by a Yale team that excavated the area a century ago. Peru has long disputed Yale’s assertions that the artifacts were taken legally….”
anonymous
(HOT!) 2010 Stolen Holocaust art database launched. BBC News 18 October 2010. Online: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11564355
– “A new online database lets Holocaust survivors and their relatives search details of more than 20,000 artworks stolen from Jews during World War II.”
anonymous
2010 Missing Iraqi antiquities located in PM Maliki’s office. BBC News September 20, 2010. Online: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11372473.
– “The … artefacts… had been smuggled out of Iraq at various times and ended up in the US. They were moved back to Iraq in early 2009 but went missing after that. Antiquities Minister Qahtan al-Jubouri blamed “inappropriate handover procedures” for their disappearance.”
anonymous
2010 U.S. returns ‘cultural treasures’ to Iraq CNN World February 25, 2010. Online: http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/02/25/us.iraq.artifacts/index.html.
– “The United States gave Iraq a bit of its long history back Thursday in the form of ancient golden earrings, an old Roman coin, a rifle emblazoned with Saddam Hussein’s image and more….”
anonymous
2009 Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference. (special edition of) MUSEUM International No.241-2
– chapters include repatriation Case Studies (Great Zimbabwe Bird; Greenland’s cultural heritage; Ngarrindjeri Ancestral Remains; Axum Obelisk; a Sumerian Statue; Kwakwaka’wakw Mask); Ethical and Legal Aspects; Mediation and Cultural Diplomacy; Museum, Site and Cultural Context; International Coopertaion and Research.
anonymous
2009 ICE and CBP return 334 pre-Columbian artifacts to Peruvian government. US Immigrations and Customs Enforcement February 11, 2009. Online: http://www.ice.gov/pi/nr/0902/090211laredo.htm.
– “Officials from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) on Wednesday returned to the Peruvian government 334 pre-Columbian artifacts that were seized in 2007 following an ICE-led investigation…”
anonymous
2008 Iraqi artefacts return to Baghdad BBC News 9 June 2008. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7445063.stm>
– “The Iraqi antiquities department has taken delivery of 11 ancient ceremonial seals that were looted after the US-led invasion of the country in 2003. Originally from the national museum, the artefacts, some of which date from 3,000BC, were seized by US customs officials in the city of Philadelphia.”
anonymous
2007 Whose Treasure Is It Really? New York Times (editorial) September 4, 2007 Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/opinion/04tues4.html
– discusses legal battles over the looting of a shipwreck, presumed to be the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes sunk in 1804 off Portugal — suggests the treasure should really go back to Latin America
anonymous
2007 Lost treasure ‘found’ Globe and Mail Science July 26, 2007. Online: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070726.woctopus0726/BNStory/Science/home
– chance find of 12th Century shipwreck – fortune in china will be turned over to the Korean government
anonymous
2007 Shipwreck Yields Estimated $500 Million Haul. NY Times online. May 18 2007. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-Treasure-Ship.html
begins: ” Deep-sea explorers said Friday they have hauled up what could be the richest sunken treasure ever discovered: hundreds of thousands of colonial-era silver and gold coins worth an estimated $500 million from a shipwreck in the Atlantic Ocean.”
– presumed to be from a known 17th Century shipwreck that sank in international waters off England
anonymous (HOT!)
2004 What’s been said about the Marbles. BBC News Viewed: September 13, 2007. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3505576.stm
– “Centuries of arguments over the Parthenon sculptures reveal a bewildering variety of views.” (a series of quotes on the controversial Elgin Marbles from a wide range of sources on all sides)
anonymous
2004 Stolen relics go home to Egypt BBC News Friday, 15 October, 2004. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3746200.stm
– “More than 600 Egyptian antiquities flew back to Egypt from the UK on Thursday, four years after they were stolen and smuggled out.”
anonymous
2003 Egypt’s ‘Ramses’ mummy returned BBC News Sunday, 26 October, 2003. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3215747.stm
– “An ancient Egyptian mummy thought to be that of Pharaoh Ramses I has returned home after more than 140 years in North American museums.” (also briefly mentions Rosetta Stone in the British Museum and the bust of Nefertiti still in the Berlin Museum)
anonymous
2000 Archaeologist exposed as fraud. BBC News online. Nov 5 2000. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_1008000/1008051.stm
begins: “A leading Japanese archaeologist has admitted planting artefacts at an excavation site so he could claim credit for discovering his country’s oldest stoneware.”
anonymous
2000 Watery Graves. The Economist. April 29.
– “When Turkey’s Birecik dam begins filling up at the end of the month, thousands of archaeological treasures are likely to be lost. Does anyone care?” A new dam on the Euphrates will soon flood at least 82 sites, some dating back at least to the Palaeolithic, as well as the nine villages, with thousands of inhabitants.
anonymous
2000 Emergency import restriction imposed on Khmer stone archaeological material. SAA Bulletin 18(1):29
–
anonymous
1999 Caribbean Graveyard of Shipwrecks May Be Sacked by Treasure Hunters. CNN News (AP) Apr. 20, 1999 2:06 pm GMT. Online: http://customnews.cnn.com/cnews/pna.show_story?p_art_id=3641554&p_section_name=On+Target&p_art_type=374522
– Controversy over rare 17th Century French and pirate shipwrecks off Venezuela’s Las Aves archipelago in the Caribbean. Treasure hunters have obtained a government permit to salvage, but marine archaeologists protest.
anonymous
1997 El Cayo Ordeal in Chiapas. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Newsletter 24: 2-4
anonymous
1997 The Problem of Pillage.
– A short statement, “from the Senate Report No. 97-564 on Implementing Legislation for the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Cultural Property. Online: http://e.usia.gov/education/culprop/problem.html in the USIA site
anonymous
1991 World Archaeological Congress first code of ethics. World Archaeological Bulletin 5:22-23.
– The WAC’s code of ethics.
anonymous
1985 Israeli archaeologists support sale of artifacts. Biblical Archaeology Review 11(4): 8.
– Some archaeologists support sale of surplus artifacts to raise money.
Adams, E. Charles
1984 Archaeology and the Native American: A Case at Hopi. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 236-242. New York: The Free Press.
– This article details the responsibilities to the public for archaeologists.
Ahrens, Klaus
1993 Diebe, Hehler und Moneten. pp. 62-66, Geo Special: Die Welt der Maya.
–
Akbar, Arifa
2008 Stelios in bid to reunite Elgin Marbles The Independent 14 June 2008. Online: http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art-and-architecture/news/stelios-in-bid-to-reunite-elgin-marbles-846929.html
– “Stelios Haji-Ioannou, the founder of the budget airline easyJet, is due to launch a one-man campaign to reunite the Elgin Marbles by taking out a series of full-page advertisements in national newspapers across Britain next week.”
Akin, Marjorie
1996 Passionate Possession: The Formation of Private Collections. In Learning from Things: Method and Theory in Material Culture Studies, edited by W. D. Kingery, pp. 102-128. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
– psychology of collecting
Alexander, B.
1990 Archaeology and looting make a volatile mix. Science 250:1074-1075.
– This raises ethical questions regarding use of date from looted sites or commercial excavations. It is partly a critique of Donnan’s National Geographic publication on looted Moche material (listed below).
Anderson, David G. and Virginia Horak (editors)
1994 Site Destruction in Georgia and the Carolinas. Readings in Archeological Resource Protection Series No. 2. Southeast Archeological Center, Tallahassee, FL.
– This collection includes papers on natural (hurricanes, waves, erosion, fire) and human (agriculture, clear-cutting, pot hunting, vandalism, grave desecration, archaeologists) damage to archaeological sites.
Arbeiter, Dennis
2000 “The Atlas Spear.” Prehistoric Antiquities and Archaeological News Quarterly 20(4):4.
– enormous price paid for stone tool
Archaeological Institute of America
1974 (1973 resolution) Bulletin of Archaeological Institute of America 65:30.
– The AIA Council resolved to exclude presentations based on artifacts acquired in contravention of UNESCO 1970 convention.
Arnold, J. Barto III
1978 Underwater cultural resources and the antiquities market. Journal of Field Archaeology 5(2):232-3.
– This “Antiquities Market” section addresses US battle over control of historic shipwrecks in public waters as well as suggests artifacts should remain in the public domain and not in private hands.
Arriola, Miguel S. V.
1987 Anotaciones sobre depredación arqueológica en Guatemala. Memoirias del Primer Coloquio Internacional de Mayistas. pp. 393-400. Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Mayas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
Arriola, Miguel S.V.
1988, Depredación arqueológica en Guatemala. Anales de la Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala 61: 219-233
Aruz, Joan
2009 The impact and significance of the statue of Ur-Ningirsen. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
– repatriation of a Sumerian Statue
Association of Field Archaeology
n.d. (constitutional note) Journal of Field Archaeology inside cover.
– Publishers of Journal of Field Archaeology constitution and bylaws (Article II) state their “opposition to the dealing and the illicit traffic in such [looted] materials”.
Atwood, Roger
2004 Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World. St. Martin’s Press
– Well-received, popular account of the looting of Moche royal tombs in Sipan, Peru. From Publisher’s Weekly, “part detective story and part history lesson, Atwood, an expert on the antiquities market who writes for ARTnews and Archaeology, focuses on one incident as a case study of the insidious effects of the illicit antiquities trade”
Australian Archaeological Association
1994 Code of ethics of the Australian Archaeological Association. Australian Archaeology 1994(39):129
– The code of ethics of the major Australian archaeological society.
B
Ballenger, Jesse
1999 Goff Creek: Artifact Collection Strategy and Occupation Prehistory on the Southern High Plains, Texas County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Oklahoma Anthropological Society Memoir 8
– Surface collecting from an archaeologist’s perspective.
Banks, Alan
1992 Editorial — Surface Finds Central States Archaeological Journal 39(3): 108
– comments on the lkegality of surface collecting
Barker, Alex W. (HOT!)
2000 Ethics, e-commerce, and the future of the past. SAA Bulletin 18(1):15 Online: http://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/18-1/saa13.html
– about online sale of artifacts (including auction sites) and their impact on cultural heritage and the antiquities market
Bass, George F.
1979 The men who stole the stars. Sea History 12:30-?.
– (This item may contain relevant information on archaeological professionalism, but I have not yet been able to examine a copy.)
Bass, George F. (HOT!)
1985 Archaeologists, sport divers, and treasure hunters. Journal of Field Archaeology 12(2):256-258.
– From the ‘Perspectives’ section: “The following letter was written in support of [US] federal legislation…”; the legislation was Senate Bill 1504 and H.R. 3194, and apparently was going to restrict private / commercial access to shipwrecks. Bass notes a variety of collector / “treasure-hunter”s concerns, and archaeological views about them.
Bator, Paul M.
1996 The International Trade in Art, Second Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
– This was originally “An Essay on the International Trade in Art”, published in Stanford Law Review 1982 34(2). It defines illegal trade in an international sense, and also discusses relevant factors such as preservation of archaeological and national values, and the objects’ own integrity.
Beard, Mary (HOT!)
2009 Lord Elgin – Saviour or Vandal? BBC Online. November 5, 2009. Online at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/parthenon_debate_01.shtml.
– “Much of the sculpture that once enhanced the Parthenon in Athens was brought to London by Lord Elgin 200 years ago. Was this the act of a saviour or a vandal? Mary Beard looks at both sides of a fierce argument.”
Belk, Roger
1988 Collectors and Collecting. Advances in Consumer Research 15:548-553. Reprinted in Interpreting Objects and Collections, edited by Susan M. Pearce, 1994, pp. 317-326. Routlege, London and New York.
– psychology of collecting
Bell, Malcolm
2011 The Beautiful and the True: Encouraged by dealers and collectors, art museums were long willing to overlook the looting of antiquities. Wall Street Journal July 2, 2011. Online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303339904576405983959162302.html.
– This short article warns of the loss of cultural context that occurs through looting and subsequent ‘laundering’ in museum collections, and then briefly reviews the book Chasing Aphrodite by Jason Felch and Ralph Frammolino.
Bell, M. and P. Pelagatti (editors)
1995 Antichità senza provenienza. Atti della tavola rotonda. Bolletino d’Arte, allegato al n. 89-90.
– Publication of the first of two international conferences, some of whose papers are relevant (see Lyons 1998 below)
Benjamin, Shane
2004 Archaeological looter sentenced to prison. The Durango Herald May 27, 2004. Online: http://archive.durangoherald.com/asp-bin/article_generation.asp?article_type=news&article_path=/news/04/news040527_3.htm
– “A Cortez woman who was caught almost four years ago disturbing a San Juan National Forest archaeological site was sentenced to eight months in prison Wednesday for failing to comply with conditions of her probation…. Woosley was serving two years of probation for digging up nearly 1,000-year-old bones of an ancestral Puebloan who lived on the site sometime between 950 and 1075.”
Bernbeck, R.
2008 The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia Near Eastern Archaeology 71(3): 189-?
–
Berner, John
1984 Artifact or Artifake? Central States Archaeological Journal 31(4):186-188.
Berner, John
1997 The Authenticators. Prehistoric American 31(4):10-11.
Berner, John
1997 Is it a Reproduction or a Fake? Prehistoric American 31(3):21.
Berner, John
1998 Advice for New collector/investors. Prehistoric American 32(3):3.
Berner, John
1998 Popularity of Reproduction Styles. Prehistoric American 32(3):10.
Berner, John
1998 Twentieth century reproductions/Fakes. Prehistoric American 32(3):16-17.
Berner, John
2000 American Indian Artifacts: Genuine or Reproduction. American Antiquities Inc, Roswell.
Berner, John
2000 Their Real Dream is to Fool the Experts. Prehistoric American 34(1):19
– a collector complains about fake stone tools and effects on market
Besterman, Tristram
2009 Returning a stolen generation. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
Bieder, Robert E.
1990 “A Brief Historical Survey of the Expropriation of American Indian Remains.” Typed manuscript, April 1990, available from Native American Rights Fund. Available for order online: http://www.narf.org/pubs/misc/expropriation.htm.
– Excellent overview of 19th and early 20th century intellectural issues surrounding physical anthropology, specimen collecting, and ethics.
Blacking, John
1953 Edward Simpson, alias ‘Flint Jack’: A Victorian Craftsman. Antiquity 27:207-211.
– early artifact faker
Blair, Elizabeth
(HOT!) 2011 From Beneath, A Smithsonian Shipwreck Controversy. NPR Morning Edition. Online: http://www.npr.org/2011/05/04/135956044/from-beneath-a-smithsonian-shipwreck-controversy including audio file.
– The Smithsonian is under fire for panning to display artifacts from a shipwreck, some of which may have been collected by looters. The “ancient shipwrecked vessel off the coast of Indonesia’s Belitung Island… is one of the most significant shipwrecks to be found in modern times… the only shipwreck to date that we have found which has direct archaeological evidence of trade between the Arab world and the Chinese world…”. The museum’s ethics policy prohibits knowingly exhibiting artifacts stolen or removed from commercially exploited sites.
Bleed, Peter
2000 Purveying the Past: Structure and Strategy in the American Antiques Trade. Plains Anthropologist 45(172):179-88.
– Study of the antiques trade in Lincoln, Nebraska, reveals four stage marketing channel (surfacing, picking, dealing, and matchmaking), each adding different kinds of value to objects and operating with distinctive strategies.
Block, Melissa
2009 Son ‘Relieved’ To Tell Cops Of Dad’s Stolen Artifacts. NPR All Things Considered June 10, 2009. Online: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105218287
– “From the 1960s until his death in 2007, collectibles dealer John Sisto amassed the largest private collection of manuscripts, ancient books, artifacts and antiquities in his suburban Chicago home. Trouble is, much of it was stolen…”
Bohlen, Celestine
2002 Dealer Is Guilty of Selling Stolen Egyptian Art. New York Times (February 13) Online: article
– prominent antiquities dealer, Frederick Schultz, convicted for conspiring to sell ancient artifacts illegally removed from of Egypt
– subsequently appealed (details on AIA site)
Bogdanos, Matthew
2009 The thieves of Bagdad: a new way of looking at the unification of the Parthenon sculptures. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
2005 The Casualties of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum American Journal of Archaeology 109: 477-526
–
Bogdanos, Matthew and William Patrick (eds.)
2006 Thieves of Baghdad: One Marine’s Passion to Recover the World’s Greatest Stolen Treasures. Bloomsbury USA
– from the publisher… “riveting account of Colonel Matthew Bogdanos and his team222s extraordinary efforts to recover over 5,000 pricel ess antiquities stolen from the Iraqi National Museum after the American invasion of Baghdad”
– “Marine Corps Reserve colonel, lawyer and student of ancient civilizations, returned to uniform full-time to head counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan and later in Iraq, where Bogdanos gave himself the mission of finding antiquities that had been stolen from the Iraq National Museum during the American invasion.” (from Amazon.com)
Bouchenaki, Mounir
2009 Return and restitution of cultural property in the wake of the 1970 Convention. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
Bowes, Mark
NEW! 03/23/12 2012 For battlefield thefts, man gets 366-day term. Richmond Times-Dispatch March 23, 2012. Online: http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/local-news/2012/mar/23/tdmain01-for-battlefield-thefts-man-gets-366-day-t-ar-1787356/.
– John J. Santo, the most prolific (known) looter of Petersburg’s National Battlefield Park in Virginia has been sentenced on two counts of damaging archaeological resources and one count of pillaging. He stole “more than 18,000 bullets, 68 fuses, 31 cannonballs and shells, 13 buckles, seven breastplates, five saber tips and 91 buttons over 1,014 days”, and his own diary helped in his conviction.
Brent, Michael
1994 The rape of Mali. Archaeology 47(3):26-31,35.
– This item describes how “European collectors and dealers have systematically plundered the heritage of one of the world’s poorest countries…”.
Brodie, Neil
2009 Unwanted antiquities. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
2006 Smoke and Mirrors, in Who Owns Objects: the Ethics and Politics of Collecting Cultural Artefacts, edited by E. Robson, L. Treadwell, and C. Gosden. Oxford: Oxbow Books
–
Brodie, Neil, Jenny Doole, and Peter Watson
2000 Stealing History: The Illicit Trade in Cultural Material. Cambridge: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Commissioned by ICOM UK and Museums Association.
– A new report, “…provides an overview of the illicit trade in archaeological, ethnographic and palaeontological material, and the damage it causes, and makes recommendations for museums to protect them from buying illicit material, and for Her Majesty’s Government to help stamp the trade out.” (more details are available online.
Brodie, Neil et al.
2006: Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and the Antiquities Trade, University Prsss of Florida
–
Brodie, Neil and C. Renfrew
2005 Looting and the World’s Archaeological Heritage: The Inadequate Response. Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 343-428
– overview
Brodie, Neil et al.
2001: Trade in Illicit Antiquities: The Destruction of the World’s Archaeological Heritage, Cambridge
–
Brown, James A.
1966 Spiro Studies vol 1: Description of the Mound Group. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Norman.
– includes info on 1930s looting of famous site
Brown, Patricia Leigh
1999 New Orleans Grave Theft: Nothing’s Sacred. New York Times Tuesday February 16, 1999: A1,16.
– Brown notes a growing problem in recent years, the theft of grave goods from modern cemetaries in the United States. Funerary statuary have been vanishing especially from New Orleans graveyards and ending up for sale in antique stores as far away as New York City and Los Angeles.
Browner, Tom
1992 The Art Gerber affair, the facts. Central States Archaeological Journal 39(2):58-60.
– This article details the Art Gerber case, involving destruction of a Hopewell mound in Indiana.
Bryan, Susan Montoya (HOT!)
2009 Fed crackdown puts tribal artifact dealers on edge The Fresno Bee Aug. 19, 2009. Online: http://www.fresnobee.com/641/story/1604986.html.
– “An intensifying federal investigation into the sale of Native American artifacts has brought fear and uncertainty to one of the nation’s largest and longest-running Indian artifact shows. Wealthy collectors are more cautious about buying artifacts for fear of criminal liability, and reputable dealers say they’re working double-time to prove their legitimacy after being wrongly lumped together with looters and gravediggers.”
Bruhns, Karen Olsen (HOT!)
2000 www.plunderedpast.com. Society for American Archaeology Bulletin 18(2):14-15, 17. (See http://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/18-2/saa11.html.)
– about online sale of artifacts (including auction sites) and their impact on cultural heritage and the antiquities market
Buckley, Cara
2008 After 100 Years, Tribe’s Ancestors Head Home New York Times June 10, 2008. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/nyregion/10remains.html
– “…The tribe’s quest to reclaim their ancestors began seven years ago, when Chief Jacks’s wife, Cora Jacks, found documents and papers relaying the life story of a 19th- and early 20th-century archaeologist, Harlan Ingersoll Smith. Ms. Jacks said she learned that Mr. Smith had robbed the graves of Tseycum ancestors, who were buried on Vancouver Island under giant boulders, and sold them to major American museums, and most likely others worldwide.”
Burnham, Bonnie
1978 Art Theft: Its Scope, Its Impact, and Its Control. International Foundation for Art Research, Inc., New York.
– From Laura Pope Robbins: “This report resulted from a feasibility study done on the creation of a central art theft archive as a means of combating art theft. It is meant to be an analysis on whether a clearinghouse of information on stolen art objects would be an effective weapon against art theft, and an evaluation on the reception of such a clearinghouse by the law enforcement community as well as the art community. References are footnoted on a chapter-by-chapter basis and the full citations are included in a separate chapter. There are five appendices which include, art theft statistics, list of important worldwide art thefts: 1975 – 1977, museum surveys, art dealer surveys, and IFAR program information. There is no index.”
Butt, Shafiq
1998 Stealing A Civilization. Peshawar Diplomat 8(6)
– This describes the theft of Gandhara antiquities in Pakistan.
Byron, Lord George Gordon
1812 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto Two, xii and xii
– This famous passage refers to the looting of the Elgin Marbles: “… the last poor plunder from a bleeding land.” Byron witnessed the damage being done to the Parthenon by Lord Elgin’s workers while on holiday in Athens in 1809. The phrase “felt some portion” refers to some Greek workmen who dropped their loads because they felt them moving.
“But most the modern Pict’s ignoble boast,
To rive what Goth, and Turk and Time hath spared;
Cold as the crags upon his native coast,
His mind as barren and his heart as hard,
Is he conceived, whose hand prepared,
Aught to displace Athena’s poor remains;
Her sons too weak the sacred shrine to guard,
Yet felt some portion of their mother’s pains,
And never knew til then the weight of Despot’s chains.”
Byron, Lord George Gordon
1818 the Curse of Minerva
– This work apparently has 18 stanzas of rage against Lord Elgin’s looting of Parthenon marble scupltures. A sample follows:
“Daughter of Jove! In Britain’s injur’d name,
A true-born Briton may the deed disclaim,
Frown not on England — England owns him not;
Athena! No — the plunderer was a Scot.”
C
Cameron, Catherine
1997 The loss of cultural heritage – an international perspective. Nonrenewable Resources 6(2)
– This is a collection of papers on historic preservation, looting, and antiquities trafficking, including Karen Vitelli & Anne Pyburn (archaeology and development); Ricardo Elia (looting & antiquities); Stephen Lekson (museums & antiquities market); Roderick McIntosh, Boubacar Hama Diaby, & Tereba Togola (on indigeneous efforts to protect cultural objects); Mark Michael (on Archaeological Conservancy); Frederick Lange & Mario Molina (regional view Central American efforts to preserve cultural heritage). It is available from Diane Stolfi, Plenum Press – Journals Dept, 233 Spring St, New York, New York, USA 10013.
Carnett, Carol L.
1995 A Survey of State Statutes Protecting Archeological Resources. Archeological Assistance Study No. 3. National Park Service Archeological Assistance Division, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
– Robert Hicks “While this book is not aimed at law enforcers, it’s the best state-by-state examination of archeological protection laws and includes criminal ones. Call NPS at 202-343-4101 to find out about availability of copies. Sells for around $5 each.”
Cart, Julie
2001 Looting Indian Grave Sites Is Big Business in Utah BLM agents fight continuing battle against robbers San Francisco Chronicle April 8: A9. Online: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/04/08/MN167066.DTL
brief summary of BLM battles against looters in Utah
Carver, M.
1996 On archaeological value. Antiquity 70:45-56.
– The abstract: “The allocation of archaeological resources in Europe has gradually shifted from state control to groups made up of developers, planners, community taxpayers and academics that debate the fate of archaeological sites. This trend has encouraged the development of a definition of archaeological value to help archaeologists champion their cause. The definition is aimed at promoting the archaeological resource as a research asset that should be stored as deposits rather than monuments.”
Cassell, Joan and Sue-Ellen Jacobs (eds.) 1987 Handbook on Ethical Issues in Anthropology. Special Publication 23. Washington: American Anthropological Association. Online: http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/toc.htm
– Contains a review essay, annotated bibliography, background on the AAA ethics committee, and a series of case scenarios.
Ceram, C.W. (editor)
1966 The World of Archaeology: The Pioneers Tell Their Own Story. Thames and Hudson, London. (republished as Hands on the Past: Pioneer Archaeologists Tell Their Own Story. by Alfred A. Knopf, New York.).
– Laura Pope Robbins: “An anthology meant to give as complete a survey as possible of the adventurous spirit of archaeology. Extracts, taken directly from the writings of known archaeologists, were chosen on the basis of what was interesting, however, when combined, the extracts give a view of the whole scope of archaeological discovery. Its purpose is not to be comprehensive, but to provide an overview of the scope of archaeological research, showing both the misdirections and the systematic. Extracts pertinent to the study of antiquities theft are “How to Steal Antiquities” and “Legalized Art Robbery.”
Champe, J.L., D.S. Byers, C. Evans, et al.
1961 Four statements for archaeology. American Antiquity 27:137-139.
– Here archaeologists emphasise the importance of publishing their research.
Chaniotis, Angelos
2009 Cultural objects in cultural context: the contribution of academic institutions. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
Chase, Arlen F., Diane Z. Chase, Harriot W. Topsey (HOT!)
1988 Archaeology and the ethics of collecting. Archaeology 41(1):56-60,87.
– This is an “essay” discussing the ethics of the collection of looted objects from an archaeological perspective.
Cheek, Annetta L. and Bennie C. Keel
1984 Value Conflicts in Osteo-Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 194-207. New York: The Free Press.
– This chapter discusses the responsibilities of archaeologists to the public.
Childs, Craig (HOT!)
2009 The Southwest’s Good Ol’ Artifact Boys LA Times June 15, 2009.
– op-ed “The federal action laid bare a little known culture of ordinary citizens who collect and sell human history.” describing the conviction of habitual looters and pot hunters in the US Southwest (including James Redd and Steven Shrader who later both committed suicide in jail).
Chippindale, Christopher
1995 Commercialization: the role of archaeological laboratories and collectors. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 80-83. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
– The author notes how analysis by archaeologists and laboratories can elevate the commercial value of cultural artifacts.
Chippindale, Chris and David Gill
1993 Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures. American Journal of Archaeology 97:601-59
Clément, Étienne
1995 A view from UNESCO African Arts 28(4):58.
– This is a discussion about the looting of Mali’s cultural artifacts.
Clements, Forrest E.
1945 Historical Sketch of the Spiro Mound. Contributions of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation 14:48-68. New York.
– looting at Spiro
Clements, Forrest E. and Alfred Reed
1939 “Eccentric” Flints of Oklahoma. American Antiquity 5(1):27-30.
– early lithic fakes
Coffman, Michael S. (HOT!)
2003 How Government Regulations Threaten America NewsWithViews.com July 25, 2003. Online: http://newswithviews.com/Coffman/mike1.htm
– This article presents the ‘other side’ view from many academics, that “Since the 1970s, we are increasingly following another system of governance that is systematically destroying the very principle [property rights] that has made America the greatest nation in the history of the world.”
Coggins, Clemency C.
1995 Illicit international traffic in ancient art: let there be light! International Journal of Cultural Property 4(1): 61-79.
–
Coggins, Clemency C.
1972 Displaced Maya sculpture. Estudios de Cultura Maya 8:15-24
Coggins, Clemency C.
1972 Archaeology and the Art Market. Science 175(4019):263-266
Coggins, Clemency
1969 Illicit traffic of pre-Columbian antiquities. Art Journal 29(1):94,96,98,114.
– Coggins describes the systematic looting of Mayan sites and details specific sites that have been targetted and objects that have been stolen.
Collyns, Dan
2008 Machu Picchu ruin ‘found earlier’ BBC News June 6,2008. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7439397.stm
– “A team of historians says the lost city of the Incas, Machu Picchu, in Peru was discovered more than 40 years earlier than previously thought and ransacked.”
Converse, Robert N.
1992 Editorial Central States Archaeological B B Journal 39(3):111 %& 114
comments on professionalism and collecting, reprinted from Ohio Archaeologist 42(1)
Cook, B.F.
1991 The archaeologist and the art market: policies and practice. Antiquity 64:533-537.
– The abstract: “The Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum sets out his view of where responsible museums and researchers should find a balance in the difficult matter of unprovenanced antiquities thay may be the spoils of recent looting.”
Craib, Donald Forsyth (ed.)
2000 Topics in Culture Resource Law. Washington: Society for American Archaeology.
– ‘explores a range of legal issues relating to control, protection, and regulation of cultural resources’ [paraphrasing the publisher’s blurb]
Croci, Giorgio
2009 From Italy to Ethiopia: the dismantling, transportation and re-erection of the Axum Obelisk. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
Cummings, C.R.
1985 National professional standards and guidelines for underwater archaeology. In Underwater Archaeology: Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Underwater Archaeology, edited by J.P. Delgado, pp. 46-52. Society for Historical Archaeology, Ann Arbor, MI.
– This work lays out standards for underwater archaeology.
Cummings, C.R.
1986 A matter of ethics. In Underwater Archaeology: Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Underwater Archaeology, edited by C.R. Cummings, pp. 1-5. Fathom Eight, San Marino, CA.
– The author introduces the ethics of underwater archaeology.
Cunningham, Richard B.
1999 Archaeology, Relics, and the Law. Carolina Academic Press.
– a law textbook
Cuno, James
2008 Who Owns Antiquity? Museums and the Battle over Our Ancient Heritage. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
–
D
Davis, Hester A.
1984 Approaches to Ethical Problems by Archaeological Organizations. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 13-21. New York: The Free Press.
– This provides some background information from the perspective of archaeological organizations to the ethics question.
Davis, Richard H.
1993 Indian art objects as loot. The Journal of Asian Studies 52(1):22-49
– Scholars seldom appreciate that museum objects looted from (Asian) cultures have a variety of semiological meanings, political (power to those who took them and subservience to their original owners) and religious.
De Angelo, G.
1992 Avocational archaeology in New York State. The Bulletin, Journal of the NYSAA 104:28-30.
– This article notes the strong role avocationalists have played in New York State’s archaeology.
De Angelo, G.
1996 Archaeology in the Future: the Role of the Avocational. In A Golden Chronograph for Robert E. Funk edited by C. Lindner and E.V. Curtin, pp. 45-48. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Anthropology No. 15. Arcaheological Services, Bethlehem, CT
– This work describes the role avocationalists could play in the future of archaeology.
de Grunne, Bernard
1995 An art historical approach to the terracotta figures of the inland Niger delta African Arts 28(4):70-79,112.
– de Grunne describes looting of Mali’s cultural artifacts.
Dewar, Elaine
1997 Behind This Door. Toronto Life 31(7): 85-92.
– This controversial article looks at how Ontario archaeologists control access to site information and archive artifact collections.
Diab, Youssef
1999 Antiquities probe reels in big fish: Ex-director-general joins three others in detention. The Daily Star Online (Lebanon).
– Former Director General of Antiquities and three others arrested in context of antiquities thefts.
Donnan, C.B.
1991 Archaeology and looting: preserving the record. Science 251:498.
– This is a reply to Alexander’s 1990 critique of his use of Moche data.
Donnan, Christopher B.
1990 Masterworks of art reveal a remarkable pre-Inca world. National Geographic 177(6):17-35.
– This is a very controversial publication about Moche artifacts, representing Donnan’s work in a frequently looted region, on previously looted as well as unlooted tombs often full of extremely valuable artifacts. Critics feel he is adding context and thus value to the art dealers and collectors plunder.
Dorfman, John
1998 ” Getting their hands dirty? Archaeologists and the looting trade” Lingua Franca 8(4):28.
– Dorfman discusses the opposing views of where archaeologists should stand on the use of looted artifact collections.
Dunnell, Robert C.
1984 The Ethics of Archaeological Significance Decisions. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp.62-74. New York: The Free Press.
– Dunnell, a very well know figure in American archaeology, discusses the responsibilities of archaeologists to their profession.
Dyson, Stephen L.
1997 Archaeology De Damned. Archaeology 50(1):6
– In this editorial, the president of the Archaeological Institute of America notes the relationship between archaeologists and major dam projects which threaten cultural heritage sites..
E
Early, Ann M.
1989 Profiteers and Public Archaeology: Antiquities Trafficking in Arkansas. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.39-50. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– This piece includes some case studies from the “victim’s perspectives” of looting.
Edsel, Robert
2011 Travel with Rick Steves Radio Show Talking About the Monuments Men. Robert Edsel’s Blog February 18th, 2011. Viewed Mar 4, 2011. Online at: http://www.monumentsmen.com/blog/tag/travel-with-rick-steves/
– “Robert Edsel is talking about the Monuments Men on Travel With Rick Steves radio program this weekend. He is chatting with an original Monuments Men, Harry Ettlinger, a German-born Jew whose family escaped to America and now helps repatriate the treasures of Europe from caves and castles where plunder was stashed.”
– Rick Steve’s podcast can be heard online here: http://www.ricksteves.com/radio/archive.htm#235
Edwards, Jennifer
(HOT!) 2012 Spike TV Network crew finds ‘Spanish gold’ in backyard. The St. Augustine Record February 26, 2012. Available online: http://staugustine.com/news/local-news/2012-02-25/spike-network-crew-finds-spanish-gold-backyard-reignites-debate-between
– Briefly describes an episode of a new cable television show “American Digger” on SpikeTV. “Savage and Spike TV declined to say where they were able to dig, other than that it was private property. City of St. Augustine Archaeologist Carl Halbirt called the digging ‘almost like sacrilege” and “like a thief of time”. Host and former wrestler Ric “Savage said he takes a few moments to appreciate whatever is found, then sells it to local antique shops”.
Ehrenhard, John E. (editor)
1990 Coping With Site Looting: Southeastern Perspectives. Readings in Archeological Resource Protection Series No. 1. Southeast Archeological Center, Tallahassee, FL.
– This collected volume contains a number of items on how archaeologists in the US have coped with looting. (If anyone has access to a full table of contents, I would appreciate a copy!)
Elia, Ricardo J.
2009 Preventing looting through the return of looted archaeological objects in “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
1997 Looting, Collecting, and the Destruction of Archaeological Resources. Nonrenewable Resources 6 (2): 85-98
– Elia provides a general discussion of collecting artifacts from an archaeological perspective.
1997 Florida Treasure Hunters Fined. Archaeology 50(6):22.
– This is a brief account of the successful conviction of looters.
1997 New Import Agreements. Archaeology 50(5):26.
– Ricardo details some of the new import restrictions on cultural artifacts. (HOT!)
1996 “A Seductive and Troubling Work.” Review of The Cycladic Spirit: Masterpieces from the Nicholas P. Goulandris Collection by Colin Renfrew; reprinted in Archaeological Ethics edited by K.D. Vitelli, pp. 54-61. Altamira Press, London. (originally published in Archaeology 1993 46(1):64,66-69)
– This is a controversial critique of Renfrew’s book. It protests that publishing Cycladic figurine information encourages looting and manufacturing of fakes.
1996 Getty gets Fleischman Collection. Archaeology 49(5):28.
– short account about the Getty Museum receiving the personal collection of a controversial collector.
1995 “Conservators and Unprovenanced Objects: Preserving the Cultural Heritage or Servicing the Antiquities Trade?” in Antiquities, Trade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical, and Conservation Issues edited by Kathryn W. Tubb, pp. 244-255. Archetype, London.
– This piece notes how the action of professionals can add value to looted artifacts.
1995 Greece v. Ward: The Return of Mycenaean Artifacts. International Journal of Cultural Property 4(2):119-128
– This describes the return of looted cultural treasures to Greece.
1995 “A Comment.” In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990s, edited by Mark J. Lynott and Alison Wylie, pp. 77-79. Society for American Archaeology Special Report, Washington, D.C.
– This is a short comment on archaeological ethics.
1995 Coin Funds Collapse. Archaeology 48(1):16.
– This is a discussion of coins as collected artifacts. (HOT!)
1994 The world cannot afford many more collectors with a passion for antiquities. The Art Newspaper 41:19-20.
– This notes that that the cultural heritage of many countries is being permanently lost due to looting.
1994 A Corruption of the Record. Archaeology 47(3):24-25.
– The Getty Kouros Colloquium was conducted to verify the authenticity and prevent scandal over the $9 million purchase of a (forged) artifact. No conclusions were reached, nor did it reveal how the marble kouros was purchased from looters. (HOT!)
1993 Ricardo Elia responds. Archaeology 46(3):17
– This piece was written in response to a response by Colin Renfrew in Archaeology 1993 46(3):16-18. (Elia’s paper which began the debate was reprinted – see Elia 1996 below.)
1992 U.S. v. Mel Fisher. Archaeology 45(6):26-27.
– A short description of the trial of an infamous collector and looter.
1992 The ethics of collaboration: archaeologists and the Whydah Project. Historical Archaeology 24(2):105-117.
– Elia brings up ethical questions regarding use of date from looted sites or commercial excavations.
1991 Popular archaeology and the antiquities market: a review essay. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:95-103.
– Elia discusses Minerva: the International Review of Ancient Art and Archaeology, a glossy “new”, British, popular journal that covers art and artifacts, but appears to blend the lines between art history, archaeology, and art collecting, and carries many ads for artifacts….
1991 U.S. Bans Import of Artifacts from Peten, Guatemala. Society for American Archaeology Bulletin 9(5):2.
– A short piece describing this important step at reducing looting in Central America.
1991 New York Gallery Sued. Archaeology 44(6):20-21.
– Elia describes how an important gallery was sued for selling looted artifacts.
1990 Crackdown on Smuggling. Archaeology 43(5):14.
– A brief article on attempts at limiting the smuggling of cultural artifacts.
Elkins, Nathan T.
2009 Treasure Hunting 101 in America’s Classrooms. Journal of Field Archaeology 34.4: 482-489
2008 A Survey of the Material and Intellectual Consequences of Trading in Undocumented Ancient Coins: A Case Study on the North American Trade. Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde 7: 1-13. Available online: http://s145739614.online.de/fera/ausgabe7/Elkins.pdf.
2008 A Long Legacy of Protecting Cultural Heritage SAFE CORNER Monday, June 16, 2008. Saving Antiquities for Everyone. Online: http://safecorner.savingantiquities.org/2008/06/long-legacy-of-protecting-cultural.html
– editorial blog and associated comments: ” The AIA has a long legacy of supporting efforts to protect cultural heritage from destruction.”
2008 ‘Dilettanti and Shopmen’: Divergent Interests in Looting and Cultural Heritage Issues. Numismatics and Archaeology Wednesday, May 7, 2008. Online: http://coinarchaeology.blogspot.com/2008/05/dilettanti-and-shopmen-divergent.html
– editorial blog and associated comments: “Museums are beginning to understand the issues and concerns and are increasingly taking steps to avoid dealing in illicitly excavated and traded antiquities. However, there are still some holdouts from that community who have argued against efforts designed to protect archaeological sites and the destruction of information for commercial profit.”
Ellis, H. Holmes
1940 A Study of the Oklahoma Eccentric Flints. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 49(2):120-127.
– early lithic fakes
Ewing, Douglas C.
1989 What is “Stolen”? The McClain Case Revisited. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.177-184. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– This article discusses different perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations.
Eyster, J.
1995 United States v. Pre-Columbian Artifacts and the Republic of Guatemala. International Journal of Cultural Property 5(1)
F
Fagan, Brian M.
1984 Archaeology and the Wider Audience. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 175-183. New York: The Free Press.
– This details responsibilities to the public of archaeologists.
Fagan, Brian M.
1992 The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists, and Archaeologists in Egypt. Moyer Bell, Wakefield, R.I.
– This book provides a history of the “collection” of Egyptian antiquities by Europeans.
Fagan, Brian M. (HOT!)
1993 The arrogant archaeologist: ethics and conservation issues. Archaeology 46(6):14-16.
– Abstract: “Archaeologists have contributed to the problem of looting by emphasizing research, excavation and publication at the expense of conservation and ethical issues. Archaeologists need to examine their own priorities if they are to provide leadership in changing public attitudes toward looting of archaeological sites. Research is needed into the psychology of collecting and looting to develop strategies for archaeological resource conservation.”
Fagan, Brian M. (HOT!)
1995 Archaeology’s dirty secret. Archaeology 48(4):14-17.
– Fagan notes how archaeologists frequently fail to publish their research and equates this failure to looting.
Fagan, Brian M. (HOT!)
1995 Enlightened stewardship. Archaeology 48(3):12-13,77.
– Fagan describes the problem of protecting archaeological sites on private land in the US and a successful solution by the Archaeological Conservancy (link below).
Falgayrettes-Leveau, Christiane and Michel Leveau
1995 Dogon art at the Musée Dapper: The last reunion? African Arts 28(4):80-83,112.
– This article is about the looting of Mali’s cultural artifacts and their display in museums.
Farchakh Bajjaly, Joanne and Peter Stone (eds.)
(HOT!) 2008 The Destruction of Cultural Heritagein Iraq (Heritage Matters: Contemporary issues in Archaeology). Boydell Press
– British Archaeology review: “the definitive account of the desperate, avoidable cultural tragedy of Iraq…” and from the publisher: “This book provides an historical statement as of 1st March 2006 concerning the destruction of the cultural heritage in Iraq. In a series of chapters it outlines the personal stories of a number of individuals who were – and in most cases continue to be – involved. These individuals are involved at all levels, and come from various points along the political spectrum, giving a rounded and balanced perspective so easily lost in single authored reports. It also provides the first views written by Iraqis on the situation of archaeology in Iraq under Saddam and an overview and contextualisation of the issues surrounding the looting, theft and destruction of the archaeological sites, the Iraqi National museum and the libraries in Baghdad since the war was launched in 2003”
Fasquelle, Ricardo A.
1984 La depredación del patrimonio cultural en Honduras: El caso de la arqueología. Yaxkin 7(3): 83-96.
Felch, Jason and Ralph Frammolino
(HOT!) 2011 Chasing Aphrodite: The Hunt for Looted Antiquities at the World’s Richest Museum. Houghton Miffline Harcourt.
– “…award-winning reporting for the Los Angeles Times, journalists Jason Felch and Ralph Frammolino exposed the dramatic story of the Getty’s underhanded art dealings led by their former antiquities curator, Marion True.” (also see & hear this NPR story about their work: http://www.npr.org/2011/05/16/136252401/chasing-aphrodite-and-other-dirty-art-world-deals.
– The authors report that True is the first curator to be indicted for dealing in stolen antiquities. The morale: it is better to display borrowed treasures on loan from other countries than to own them outright.
Fenn, Forrest
2001 The Infamous Woody Blackwell Fakes. Prehistoric American 35(1):40-41.
– a defrauded collector complains and boasts
Ferguson, T. J.
1984 Archaeological Ethics and Values in a Tribal Cultural Resource Management Program at the Pueblo of Zuni. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp.224-235. New York: The Free Press.
– This piece notes archaeologists’ responsibilities to the public.
Ferri, Paolo Giorgio
2009 New types of cooperation between museums and countries of origin in “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
Fifield, Terence E. and Jack Davis
2000 Archaeological resources protection act conviction on the Tongass National Forest, Alaska. SAA Bulletin 18(1):29
–
Fiskesjö, Magnus
2010 The Reappearance of Yangshao? Reflections on unmourned artifacts. China Heritage Quarterly No. 23, (September 2010).
– review essay on the 2007 Chinese documentary film Cutting through the fog of history: The re-appearance of the Yangshao cultural relics, but also a commentary on the “complex issue of why there is NO mourning in China of the lost artefacts from the very first scientific excavations of the Neolithic in China, which includes some fabulous items (“national” treasures??)…” [Fiskesjo]
2010 Tomb raiders and destruction of history. China Daily (Beijing), June 23, 2010, p. 9 (Opinion). Online at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2010-06/23/content_10005909.htm.
– “…when asked if ancient tombs… should be opened or not, the first answer has to be that it is a question that only the Chinese can answer. But China’s cultural heritage is not just a matter for China. It is also world heritage.
2010 Global repatriations and ‘universal museums.’ Anthropology News 51.2 (March 2010): 10 & 12. In Focus Commentary of a special Repatriations issue. Available at: http://www.aaanet.org/issues/anthronews/AN-highlights-2010.cfm
2010 The politics of cultural heritage Reclaiming Chinese Society: The New Social Activism, edited by Ching Kwan Lee and Hsing, You-tien. London: Routledge.
2007 The trouble with world culture: Recent museum developments in Sweden. Anthropology Today 23.5 (October 2007): 6.11.
2006 Chinese collections outside China: Problems and hopes. (Revised from an invited inaugural lecture for the International Centre for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology, University College London, March 2005.) Public Archaeology [London] 5.2 (2006), 111.26.
2005 A foreign bird in a golden cage: On Asia collections in Sweden. [En främmande fågel i en förgylld bur: Reflektioner kring svenska Asiensamlingar]. Res Publica 65 (Special issue, “Tracing the Collector”), 2005, 68-80 (in Swedish)
2004 The China Connection: The Cross-Continental Ethics of Johan Gunnar Andersson and the Making of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. In H345kan Karlsson (ed.) Swedish Archaeologists on Ethics. Lindome: Bricoleur Press, 179-96.
2003 New Concepts for Collection Sharing: European-Asian Museum History, Its Discontents, and Possibilities for the Future. In Anna Karlström and Anna Källén (eds.) Fishbones and Glittering Emblems. Southeast Asian Archaeology 2002 (Proceedings of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists’ 9th International Conference, Sigtuna, Sweden, 2002, Session 8: European Museums as Storehouses of Asian Heritage: Issues of Access and Interpretation). Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 459-69
2003 Shui wei shijie wenhua fuze — Yi ge xifang de bowuguan guanzhang de guandian [Who will take responsibility for the world cultural heritage? — The view of a Western museum director]. Zhongguo wenwu bao (National Cultural Heritage Board, Beijing), Heritage Weekly supplement, Feb. 14, front page.
2003 Shiluo de wenming [“Lost Civilizations, Lost Choices”]. Dushu (Beijing) 2, 72-75.
2002 Stoppa rovdriften [Stop the plunder. – Polemic against the international trade in illicit antiquities]. Dagens Nyheter (Stockholm), July 30, Kultur/B2.
2002 Kinesiska bronser visas i syfte att vinna guld [Chinese Bronzes Shown For Gold]. Review of Museum exhibits at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA and Academia Sinica, Taipei. Axess [Stockholm], Oct. 1, 36-37. Fiskesjö, Magnus, Robert Bagley & Robert Murowchick
2005 Stop Plundering China’s Past. March 16, 2005. Posted and archived at the website of SAFE, Saving Antiquities for Everyone. Available at: http://www.savingantiquities.org/i-safe-alertchina.htm
Fitting, James E.
1984 Economics and Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 117-122. New York: The Free Press.
– Fitting describes archaeologists’ responsibilities to the profession.
Flaschar, Martin
2000 Bewahren als Problem. Freieburg
–
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (ed.)
2003 Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology (2nd Ed.) Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press
– reviewed in Anthropology Review Database http://wings.buffalo.edu/ARD/showme.cgi?keycode=2253 — variety of chapters on NAGPRA, Kennewick Man case, cyberethics, and more — useful as a text, extensively revised from 1991 version
Fogelman, Gary
1999 Too Good To Be True: The Woody Blackwell Clovis “Cache”. Indian Artifact Magazine 18(3):8-9.
– recent lithic fraud
Ford, Ben
2008 What is the difference between archaeologists and treasure hunters? The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Lake Ontario Maritime Cultural Landscape Project Journal 23 June 2008 Online: http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/project_journals/bf/bf_6-13.shtml
– “This question has been a hot topic in underwater archaeology during recent years, especially with the blurring of the lines between science and industry and archaeology and marine salvage. However, until this past week I had largely stayed out of the fray, partially out of the naïve assumption that in most cases any right-minded individual could distinguish scholarly archaeological research from goodie-grabbing treasure hunting. I was wrong…”
Ford, Richard L.
1984 Ethics and the Museum Archaeologist. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp.133-142. New York: The Free Press.
– Ford describes archaeologists’ responsibilities to the profession.
Fowler, Don D.
1984 Ethics in Contract Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 108-116. New York: The Free Press.
– Fowler describes archaeologists’ responsibilities to the profession.
Frink, D.S.
1997 Managing the Public’s Cultural Resources: From Presentation to Participation. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 13:161-165.
– From the author : “(The) paper presents a public educational program for elementary schools using actual archaeological sites located on school land. The results of providing access and use of these resources to the community changes public perceptions toward conservation and protection and away from more destructive persuits of curriosity.”
Frison, George C.
1984 Avocational Archaeology: Its Past, Present, and Future. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 184-193. New York: The Free Press.
– Frison describes archaeologists’ responsibilities to the public.
Frison, George, and Bruce Bradley
1999 The Fenn Cache Clovis Weapons and Tools. One Horse Land and Cattle Company, Santa Fe.
– archaeologists publish a private collection
G
Gabriel, Mille
2009 The return of cultural heritage from Denmark to Greenland in “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
Getty Information Institute
1998 Protecting Cultural Objects in the Global Information Society: The Making of Object ID. Getty Information Institute, 1200 Gettey Center Dr., Suite 300, Los Angeles, California, USA 90049-1680. (Fax: 310-440-7715).
– This work describes a way of marking artifacts to inhibit theft.
Gibbins, David
2006 Crusader Gold. London: Headline.
– fiction: archaeologists follow trail of fabled Viking king Harald Hardrada & the long-lost golden menora from Jerusalem’s Holy Templ, alluding thugs and solving mysteries along the way through wuick wits, complex scholarship, & archaeological ‘science’; touches on looting as a theme plus makes specific references to Nazi relic hunters and looting
Gifford, Jack
1994 Smoke and mirrors, GE Gate, Part 2: “Now you see it, Now you don’t”. Central States Archaeological Journal 41(2):60-63.
– In several parts, Gifford details the Art Gerber Case, involving destruction of a Hopewell mound in Indiana.
1994 The spiders and the fly, GE Gate Part 3: Oh what tangled webs we weave. Central States Archaeological Journal 41(3):126-128.
1994 The spiders and the fly, GE Gate Part 3: Oh what tangled webs we weave. Central States Archaeological Journal 41(4):192-195.
Gill, David
1993 Treasure hunting for the benefit of charities. Current Archaeology 135:119
Gill, David
1994 Publishing unprovenanced artifacts: further observations. Electronic Antiquity 2(2)
– “Archaeological sites around the Mediterranean and elsewhere are suffering major damage due to systematic and illicit excavations in order to supply the needs of the antiquities market. This activity in turn feeds the appetites of the museums and the private collectors who are willing to buy.” “Dr Gill’s response follows on from the issues raised by Dr. McClellan, ‘Publishing Unprovenanced Artifacts’ and the response by Dr Hamma of the J. Paul Getty Museum in *EA* 2, 1 – June 1994.”
Gill, David
1994 Publishing unprovenanced artifacts: further observations. Electronic Antiquity 2.2
Gill, David and K. Butcher
1990 Mischievous pastime or historical science? review article of Minerva Antiquity 64:946-50
Gill, David and Christopher Chippindale
1993 Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures. American Journal of Archaeology 97:601-59
– fakes confuse archaeological record
Gorall, R.
1996 A Vital Connection: Avocational Archaeologists and the NYSAA. In A Golden Chronograph for Robert E. Funk edited by C. Lindner and E.V. Curtin, pp. 41-44. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Anthropology No. 15. Arcaheological Services, Bethlehem, CT
Gorall, former president of the New York State Archaeological Association, describes the role avocationalists play in archaeology.
Gorvy, Brett
1991 To catch a thief. Antique Collector (UK) 62(9):68-71.
– From Laura Pope Robbins: “The motives behind art theft are examined by the author. The article includes statistics that show art theft is on the rise and notes the difficulty in recovering stolen art works and convicting the criminals. Preventing and combatting art theft is also discussed.”
Goswald, Udo
2009 ICOM statement on reclaiming cultural property in “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
Graepler, Daniel
2004 Archäologie und illegaler Antikenhandel: die Rolle der Universitätssamlungen” in Wolf-Dieter Heilmeyer and J. Cordelia Eule’s Illegale Archäologie?: 116-130
–
Graepler, D. and Marina Mazzei
1996 Provenienza: sconosciuta! Tombaroli, mercanti e collezionisti: L’Italia archeologica allo sbaraglio Bari: Edipuglia.
– also published in German under the title of Fundort Unbekannt: Raubgrabungen zerstoren das archaologische Erbe (Heidelberg 1993)
Graham, Ian
1997 Mission to La Corona. Archaeology 50(5): 46
1988 Homeless hieroglyphs. Antiquity 62(234): 122-126
1980 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 2, part 3,: Ixkun, Ucanal, Ixtutz, Naranjo. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Boston.
1978 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 2, part 2,: Naranjo, Chunhuitz, Xunantunich. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Boston.
1968 Looters rob graves and history. National Geographic 169(4): 452-461
Gramly, Richard Michael
1996 What is Looting? Indian-Artifact Magazine 15(1):53.
– From the perspective from an archaeologist who actively works with collectors, this letter/editorial condemns use of “looting” as improperly applied by ‘professional’ archaeologists and suggests they should be educating instead of name-calling.
Green, Dee F.
1984 Ethical Dilemmas in Federal Cultural Resource Management. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 97-107. New York: The Free Press.
– Green describes the responsibilities of archaeologists to the profession.
Green, Ernestene L. (editor)
1984 Ethics and Values in Archaeology. New York: The Free Press.
– This book has copies of the Society of Professional Archaeologists Code of Ethics & Standards of Research Performance; Society for American Archaeology Ethics for Archaeology; and American Anthropological Association Statements on Ethics. The enclosed chapters address the background to the ethics question, responsibilities of archaeologists to the public, and to the profession.
Greenfield, Jeanette
1996 The Return of Cultural Treasures, Second Edition. CUP, Cambridge.
– The author discusses historical, legal, and political issues surrounding cases of stolen art treasures (e.g. “Elgin Marbles”, treasures held by Russia), paleontological objects, and cultural objects (e.g. Icelandic manuscripts, Mesoamerican artifacts, Hebrew Manuscripts in the Vatica, Dead Sea Scrolls). She mentions infamous “collectors” such as Aurel Stein and André Malraux. There are many illustrations and a large bibliography.
Griffin, Gillett G.
1989 Collecting Pre-Columbian Art. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.103-116. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– The author provides options to the “cultural steward” question. (HOT!)
1986 In defense of the collector. National Geographic 169(4): 462-465
Guerrero, Blanca Alva
2009 Repatriation of cultural properties: the Peruvian experience in “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
Gutchen, Mark
1982 The Maya Crisis and the Law: Current United States and the international law of the Maya antiquities trade. Arizona Journal of Trade and International Law 1(1): 283-309.
1983 The destruction of archaeological resources in Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology. 10: 217-228.
H
Hairs, Joya
1973 La operación rescate: un recurso de emergencia para salvar el patrimonio arqueológico de Guatemala. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala. 46(1/4): 166-168.
Halsey, J.R.
1991 “State Secrets”: the protection and management of archaeological site information in Michigan. In Ethics and Professional Anthropology, edited by C. Fluehr-Lobban, pp. 115-119. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
– This item notes how the publishing of archaeological site locations in reports puts them at risk from collectors and looters.
Hamilton, C.E.
1995 A cautionary perspective. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 57-63. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
– Hamilton stresses the value of archaeological information over the artifacts themselves (e.g. let commercial excavators sell or keep the artifacts after the information is recorded).
Hamilton, Henry W.
1952 The Spiro Mound. The Missouri Archaeologist 14:1-276.
– includes info on looting of site
Hansen, R.D.
1997 Plundering the past. Archaeology 50(5): 48-49
Harrington, S.P.M.
1998 “Plundering the Three Gorges” Archaeology Online News May 14.
– Briefly describes the “unprecedented rash of looting is following in the wake of construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the middle reaches of China’s Yangtze River”
1991 The looting of Arkansas. Archaeology 44(3):22-31.
– The increased value of antiquities has lead to looting of more archaeological sites.
Harris, Leo J.
1989 From the Collector’s Perspective: The Legality of Importing Pre-Columbian Art and Artifacts. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.155-176. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– Harris provides perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations from the perspective of a collector.
Hastorf, C. and I. Hodder
1991 Archaeology and the other. Anthropology UCLA 18(1):1-11.
– (This item may contain relevant information on archaeological professionalism, but I have not yet been able to examine a copy.)
Healy, Paul F.
1984 Archaeology Abroad: Ethical Considerations of Fieldwork in Foreign Countries. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 123-132. New York: The Free Press.
– Healy describes the duties of archaeologists to the profession.
Heilmeyer, Wolf-Dieter & J. Cordelia Eule (eds.)
2004 Illegale Archäologie? Weissensee Verlag, Berlin
–
Herscher, Ellen
1984 The antiquities market: news and commentary on the illicit trade in antiquities. Journal of Field Archaeology 11(4): 421-430.
– Herscher comments on current trends in the stolen antiquities market.
Herscher, Ellen
1989 International Control Efforts: Are There Any Good Solutions? In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.117-128. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– This article provides options in the “cultural steward” question.
Hester, Peter
1990 Thoughts on Collecting Indian-Artifact Magazine 9(1):48-49.
– Hester discusses a collector’s view of collecting.
Hester, Thomas R.
1999 Observations on Fraudulent Artifacts in the Borderlands. La Tierra 26(3):1-6.
– fakes and markets
Hicks, Robert D.
1999 Theft of Historic Resources. Sample Directives Manual for Virginia Law-Enforcement Agencies. Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services.
– From a sample law-enforcement policy manual intended to help agencies develop written policies on standard topics. The orders can be downloaded and then adjusted to suit local circumstances.
1999 End-of-Millenium (Almost) Report on Time Crime (including sidebar Bringing Out the Dead). Virginia Archaeologist, the newsletter of COVA 16(2).
– “The purpose of this article is to acquaint archaeologists with highlights from three years of the program, discuss the nature and extent of archaeological looting in Virginia, and meditate on the future. Although the time crime program has proceeded in directions quite unanticipated three years ago, the most persistent problems or questions raised by law-enforcement officers concern human burials.”
1997 Time Crime: Protecting the Past for Future Generations FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 66.7 (July):1-7
– From the article: “Whether taken by naive hobbyists or plundered by sophisticated criminals, the legacy of our ancestors is in jeopardy.”
Hingston, Ann Guthrie
1989 U.S. Implementation of the UNESCO Cultural Property Convention. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.129-148. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– Hingston provides more options in the “cultural steward” question.
Hofstadter, Dan
1994 Goldberg’s Angel: An Adventure in the Antiquities Trade. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroud.
–
Holloway, Marguerite
1995 The Preservation of the Past. Scientific American:98-101.
– Abstract: “Conservators are racing to save monuments threatened by development, pollution, looting and neglect. In the process, they are transforming the field of archaeology into a new science.”
Holtorf, Cornelius, and Tim Schadla-Hall
1999 Age as Artefact: On Archaeological Authenticity. European Journal of Archaeology 2(2):229-247.
Hoopes, John W.
1997 Ordeal in Chiapas: Archaeologists Survive Attack During Attempt to Rescue Maya Altar from Looters SAA Bulletin 15(4)
– Hoopes describes the experiences of University of Calgary archaeologist Peter Mathews’ encounter with looters while trying to save a Mayan alter in Chiapas.
Hosty, Kieran
1995 A matter of ethics: shipwrecks, salvage, archaeology and museums. Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 19(1):33-36.
– Museums like to produce “blockbuster” exhibitions to attract large crowds for much-needed revenue, but these may bring them in “direct conflict with established archaeological principles and museum ethics…” (p.33). The articles describes the Australian National Maritime Museum’s 1995 RMS Titanic Exhibition, apparently including artifacts looted from the wreck.
Hothem, Lar
1992 Fake Chipped Artifacts: Some Considerations. Hothem House, Lancaster.
– collector, detection tips
1990 Part 1: Thoughts on collecting, from the readers and others. Indian-Artifact Magazine 9: 4-13
1990 Part II: On the value of amateurs, collectors, and collecting. Indian-Artifact Magazine 9: 18-27
1990 Part III: Positions & legislation. Indian-Artifact Magazine 9: 28-37
1990 Part IV: Bad news — articles by anti-collecting professionals. Indian-Artifact Magazine 9: 38-46
Howard, Calvin
1994 Natural Indicators of Lithic Artifact Authenticity. North American Archaeologist 15(4):321-330.
Howard, Calvin
2001 Authentication Analysis of the Angus Nebraska Fluted Point. Plains Anthropologist 46(177):323-325.
Hutt, Sherry, Elwood Jones, and Martin McAllister
1992 Archeological Resource Protection. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press.
Robert Hicks “…excellent history of archeological protection laws… section on law enforcement investigative methods is a bit slim…. (misses) last six years’ worth of ARPA cases…”
I
Ilan, D. et al.
1989 Plundered! Biblical Archaeological Review XV(2): 38-42
–
Inskeep, Steve
2009 Writer Hitchens: Parthenon Sculptures Must Go Back. NPR Morning Edition June 18, 2009 Online: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105532785. Also available: 4:32 interview.
– Christopher Hitchens, writer for Vanity Fair, interviewed about the new Parthenon Museum and especially the Elgin Marbles. (Italy, the Vatican, and a museum in Heidelberg have all returned Parthenon sculptures. The British Museum refuses to return their collection.)
– “…The relics, known as the Parthenon or Elgin Marbles, have remained a controversial part of the British Museum’s collection since 1816. Debate continues over the legality of Elgin’s actions and whether the Marbles should be returned to Greece. That controversy continues with the opening of a new museum in Athens. The Acropolis Museum has created a display that shows how the sculptures would have looked on the Parthenon itself. Plaster casts fill the spaces where the Elgin Marbles will be if they are returned by the British.”
Isler-Kerenyi, Cornelia (HOT!)
1994 Are collectors the real looters? Antiquity 68(259):350-2
– The illicit trade in archeological artifacts is the result of individual collectors and museums. The author suggests putting all of the great monies collectors currently use to purchase objects into care and study of objects (ideally in situ), and training of archaeologists and conservationists (this is a “note” which adds to the feud between Elia (1993 & 1996) and Renfrew (1993) above).
J
Jansen, Michael
2005 War and Cultural Heritage: Cyprus after the 1974 Turkish Invasion. Minnesota Mediterranean and East European Monographs 14. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Modern Greek Studies, University of Minnesota. 92pp. ISBN: 1057-3941
– “The book, whose introduction of 11 pages is exclusively on the looting of Iraq after the 2003 invasion, is now going through a second edition and will appear in May 2006.” [T.G. Stavrou]
Jelks, E.B.
1995 Professionalism and the Society of Professional Archaeologists. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 14-16. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
– Jelks mentions the desire for standards which led to founding of SOPA.
Jenkins, Chris L.
2002 In Va., a Vanishing Era Civil War Relic Hunters Running Out of Relics — and Places to Look Washington Post Wednesday, April 24, 2002; Page B01
– relic-hunters face scarcer pickings due to increasing numbers of hunters, increasingly limited access (laws, urban sprawl), and depletion of the resource base
Jenkins, Simon
2007 In Iraq’s four-year looting frenzy, the allies have become the vandals. The Guardian June 8, 2007. Online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2098272,00.html
– “British and American collusion in the pillaging of Iraq’s heritage is a scandal that will outlive any passing conflict…”
Jenks, Albert Ernest
1900 A Remarkable Counterfeiter. American Anthropologist 2:292-296.
– early lithic fakes
Jeske, Robert J.
1997 Who Owns the Artifacts? The Glyph (San Diego Society, a Chapter of the Archaeological Institute of America) September Issue
– This is part of the “Pot-diggers: Property Rights, and Public Interest – A Debate” along with Jeff Meek: “Private Property Rights and the Value of Archaeological Artifacts”. Jeske addresses the issue of property rights from the archaeological (and government/societal) standpoint, that they are only rights as dictated by the state, and stand in the way of the protection of cultural heritage.
Johnson, Kirk
2010 Suicide Raises Legal Issues in Indian Artifacts Cases. NY Times Mar 8, 2010. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/09/us/09artifacts.html
– “…As an undercover federal source in a years-long investigation into the shadowy world of the excavation and trading of ancient American Indian art and artifacts in the Southwest, [Ted Gardiner] was at the center of a sprawling criminal case unfolding in federal court here and in Colorado. On Monday, federal prosecutors said at a hearing that the cases would go on.”
2008 Energy Boom in West Threatens Indian Artifacts. NY Times Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/02/us/02artifacts.html
– There are larger threats to our heritage than just intentional pilfering.
“The consequences of energy exploration for wildlife and air quality have long been contentious in unspoiled corners of the West. But now with the urgent push for even more energy, there are new worries that history and prehistory — much of it still unexplored or unknown — could be lost.”
Jonathan Jones, Jonathan (HOT!)
2007 The Parthenon marbles should not be returned to Greece Guardian Unlimited: Arts blog. October 18, 2007. Online: http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/art/2007/10/the_parthenon_marbles_should_not_be_returned_to_greece.html
– He begins “The British Museum must hold its ground. And I think people should shut up and look at the art, instead of turning it into a trite talking point.” Followed with responses by others. [Elgin Marbles]
Jones, Mark
1990 Fake? The Art of Deception. Trustees of the British Museum, London.
– British Museum exhibit
K
Kaiser, T.
1990 The antiquities market. Journal of Field Archaeology 17:205-210.
– Kaiser provides four case studies on looted/stolen artifacts, including Sipan Moche, the Cyprus mosaics, the Icklingham bronzes, and the Mexico City National Museum of Anthropology break-in.
Kaiser, T.
1991 The thieves of time and their accomplices. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:87-89.
– Kaiser describes thefts from Greek museums.
Karlsson, Håkan (ed.) (HOT!)
2004 Swedish Archaeologists on Ethics. Lindome: Bricoleur Press
– eighteen papers demonstrating Swedish views on the moral/ethical issues in contemporary archaeology that are not always in alignment with the UK or USA; only the papers by Lunden and Fiskesjö specifically address looting
Kemp, Donna M.
2000 Site now locked to keep vandals from trashing history. Site now locked to keep vandals from trashing history. January 23 DeseretNews.com.
– due to repeat looting and vandalism, two caves in Utah are now fenced to limit access, but looting continues Kimmelman, Michael
2009 When Ancient Artifacts Become Political Pawns. NY Times October 23, 2009. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/24/arts/design/24abroad.html
– “…Over the years Egypt has occasionally made a bid for Nefertiti, when the political climate is ripe. Germans point out that Ludwig Borchardt, who discovered Nefertiti at Tel el Amarna in 1912, had Egyptian approval to take it to Berlin. Just the other day, Iraq repeated its demand that Germany return the Gate of Ishtar from the ancient city of Babylon, excavated and shipped to Berlin before World War I.”
King, Jaime Lituak
1989 Cultural Property and National Sovereignty. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.199-208. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– Perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations are described.
King, Thomas F.
2000 It’s an adverse effect to destroy an archaeological site! (Duh!) Part One. SAA Bulletin 18(1):19-20
– changes to the US Advisory Council on Historic Preservation regulations, removal of the “research exception”, where an agency could destroy a site if it was valueable only for its research potential
King, Thomas F.
1991 “Some dimensions of the pothunting problem” in Protecting the Past edited by George S. Smith and John E. Ehrenhard. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
– (This item may contain relevant information on looting, but I have not yet been able to examine a copy.)
King, T.F.
1985 The Whiddah and the ethics of cooperating with pothunters: a view. SOPA Newsletter 9(3-4):1-3.
– King stresses the value of archaeological information over the artifacts themselves (e.g. let commercial excavators sell or keep the artifacts after the information is recorded). There is a rebuttal by W.B. Lees and subsequent discussion in SOPA News 9(6) and 15(8-9) (can anyone get me a copy of these…??).
King, T.F.
1985 Sheep don’t take very good care of themselves: a response to Lees. SOPA Newsletter 9(6):4-8.
– King stresses the value of archaeological information over the artifacts themselves (e.g. let commercial excavators sell or keep the artifacts after the information is recorded).
Kingstone, Steve
2008 Spain seizes ‘priceless’ antiques. BBC News May 6, 2008 Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7385775.stm
– “Spanish police have arrested a couple accused of illegally trafficking a “priceless” haul of artefacts from Latin America for resale in Europe…. It is alleged that the historic treasures were plundered from archaeological sites – mostly in Peru and Ecuador – and then sold on to the couple through middlemen in Colombia…. The confiscated artefacts are due to be analysed at a museum in Madrid, and will later be returned to their countries of origin.”
Kintigh, K.W.
1996 SAA Principles of archaeological ethics. SAA Bulletin 14(3):5,17.
– Publication of the Society for American Archaeology’s code of ethics (see link below).
Kleiner, F.S.
1990 On the publication of recent acquisitions of antiquities. American Journal of Archaeology 94:525-527.
– The editor of American Journal of Archaeology decided to stop publishing articles which might elevate value of looted antiquities.
Kloor, Keith
NEW! 03/26/12 (HOT!) 2012 Archaeologists Protest ‘Glamorization’ of Looting on TV. ScienceInsider March 1, 2012. Online: http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/03/archaeologists-protest-glamorizan.html.
– “Archaeologists are mounting a campaign against two new cable TV shows that they say encourage and glamorize looting of American archaeological sites.”
Kight, Fred
2009 Ohio, Kentucky Feuding Over A Rock In A Hard Place. NPR Morning Edition, January 26, 2009. Online: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98801044 with audiofile.
– “The states of Ohio and Kentucky are battling over a most unlikely object: a graffiti-covered rock. …first written about in an archeological publication in 1847…” [called “Indian Head Rock”; also see Gary Slapper article]
Knell, Yolande
2011 Egyptian Museum: Cairo’s looted treasure. BBC News 12 February 2011. Online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12442863
– “…the Egyptian Museum and the priceless, cultural treasures it contains have been in alarmingly close proximity to troubles in Cairo’s Tahrir Square. Following an inventory, Antiquities Minister Zahi Hawass has now confirmed for the first time that artefacts were stolen during a break-in on 28 January.” and other museums were also targeted (the Coptic Museum in old Cairo and the Royal Jewellery Museum in Alexandria, open-air museum in Memphis, etc.)
(HOT!) 2009 The quest to regain Egypt’s antiquities BBC News 11 November 2009. Online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8352325.stm
– “Later this month Egyptian archaeologists will travel to the Louvre Museum in Paris to collect five ancient fresco fragments stolen from a tomb in the Valley of the Kings in the 1980s, but there are many other “stolen” antiquities which they also want back.” Other objects include: the Rosetta Stone (British Museum), a bust of Queen Nefertiti and a statue of Great Pyramid architect Hemiunu (Neues Museum in Berlin), the bust of Chepren Pyramid builder Anchhaf (Boston Museum of Fine Arts), and a painted Zodiac from the Dendera temple (Louvre). “If they cannot be returned permanently, Mr Hawass would at least like them back on loan for the opening of Egypt’s Grand Museum at Giza, due by 2013. So far there have been mostly cautious responses.”
Knudson, Ruthann
1984 Ethical Decision Making and Participation in the Politics of Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 243-263. New York: The Free Press.
– This notes the archaeologist’s responsibilities to the public.
Koczka, Charles S.
1989 The Need for Enforcing Regulations on the International Art Trade. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.185-198. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– Koczka provides perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations.
Koczka, Charles S.
1989 Some domestic and international laws and regulations and their enforcers. Appendix I in The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.253-256. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– the author describes US and international laws and regulations concerning cultural property, and some of the regulatory bodies involved.
Konaré, Alpha Oumar
1995 Toward more efficient international collaboration African Arts 28(4):27-31.
– This article is about looting of Mali’s cultural artifacts and the need for more concerted efforts to stop it.
Kouroupas, Maria Papageorge
1995 US efforts to protect cultural property: implementation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention African Arts 28(4):32-41.
– This describes how the US is trying to limit the looting of cultural artifacts, focusing lon the ooting in Mali.
L
Labi, Aisha and Simon Robinson
2001 Looting Africa. Time July 30. 158(4):50-2.
Url: LootingAfrica_TimeJul30_01.pdf.
– “Theft, illicit sales, poverty and war are conspiring to rob a continent of its rich artistic heritage…” Quick jump into some of the issues, personalities, and emotions that underlie the whole looting prohblem for heritage pieces in the world of art.
Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C.
1995 review of “Sir Aurel Stein and Was There a Bronze Age Silk Road?” by Annabel Walker The Review of Archaeology 16(2):1-5.
– During the Second Expedition to Chinese Turkestan, Stein brought back seven camel loads of cultural treasures, including thousands of manuscripts, paintings and textiles from the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas at Tun-huang, China, purchased from a local priest for 130 pounds sterling and taken without official permission.
Lange, Karen (HOT!)
2008 The Stolen Past. National Geographic December 2008. Online: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/12/palestine-antiquities/lange-text
– “Looters are ravaging West Bank archaeological sites.” With limited ways to earn a living under Israeli restrictions, Palestinians have turned to looting to make a livelihood. Includes lots of pictures.
Lazrus, Paula Kay
1995 “Is field survey always non-destructive? Thoughts on survey and looting in Sardinia”. Journal of Field Archaeology 22:131-135.
– From the abstract: “Archaeologists are not always aware of the ways in which seemingly innocuous research techniques may result in increased activity on the part of looters and others involved in the traffic in antiquities.”
Legassick, Martin and Ciraj Rassool
2000 Skeletons in the Cupboard: South African Museums and the Trade in Human Remains, 1907-1917. Cape Town: South African Museum
– archaeologists & museologists acknowledge and condemn historical unscrupulous methods of acquiring collections…
Levy, Janet
1995 Ethics code of the American Anthropological Association and its relevance for SAA. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 86-293 Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
– Levy describes the importance of the American Anthropological Association code of ethics for archaeology (see link to their Web site below).
Lipe, William D.
1996 In defense of digging: archaeological preservation as a means, not an end. CRM Magazine 19(5):23-5.
– on federal preservation policies and question of why sites should even be dug by archaeologists
Lipe, Bill and Vin Steponaitis
1998 SAA to promote professional standards through ROPA sponsorship. SAA Bulletin 16(2):1,16-17.
– Two leading figures in the Society for American Archaeology describe the newly formed Register of Professional Archaeologists.
Livoti, Sandy (with Jon Kiesa)
1997 Adventures in Stone Artifacts: A Family Guide to Arrowheads and Other Artifacts. Adventure Publications, Cambridge, MN.
– From the perspective of a collector, this controversial book details legal issues, discourages excavation, encourages recording and reporting to government agencies. It includes an interesting note from the publisher which describes the uproar over its publication.
Locke, John (HOT!)
1689 Two Treatises of Government. Republished by Wikipedia, online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government
– Used by people advocating fewer goverment regulations, ” The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha and the Second Treatise outlines a theory of civil society based on natural rights and contract theory.”
Lubow, Arthur
2007 The Possessed. New York Times Magazine Jun 24 2007. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/24/magazine/24MachuPicchu-t.html
– Machu Picchu bone and ceramic artifacts collected by Hiram Bingham are Yale’s Peabody Museum. Debate concerns whether they should be repatriated.
Lunden, Staffan
2004 The Scholar and the Market: Swedish Scholarly Contributions to the Destruction of the World’s Archaeological Heritage. In Swedish Archaeologists on Ethics edited by Håkan Karlsson. Lindome: Bricoleur Press.
URL: (Lunden2004.pdf)
– Describes how Swedish archaeologists have contributed to the legitimacy of those dealing and collecting looted antiquities.
Luxner, Larry
1993 Preserving pirate plunders: preserving underwater cultural resources of the Dominican Republic. Americas (English Edition) 45(5):4-5
– This article concerns Jerome Lynn Hall, founder of the Pan-American Institute of Maritime Archeology and excavator of shipwrecks in the Dominican Republic, who believes all treasures found in these wrecks should be given back to the government and put together in a public research facility.
Lynott, M.J.
1997 Ethical principles and archaeological practice: development of an ethics policy. American Antiquity 62(4):589-599.
– Lynott, a key figure in the area of archaeological ethics in the US, discusses the history and development of archaeological ethics, briefly mentioning SOPA and ROPA, and focusing on the SAA’s Principles of Archaeological Ethics (see links below).
Lynott, M.J. and Vincas P. Steponaitis
1998 Training Students in Archaeological Ethics. Paper prepared for the SAA workshop on “Enhancing Undergraduate and Graduate Education and Training in Public Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management” held at Wakulla Springs, Florida, February 5-8, 1998. Draft of January 4, 1998.
Briefly discusses formal training and professionalism.
Lynott, M.J. and A. Wylie (eds.)
2000 Ethics in American Archaeology 2nd Edition.
– [see first edition notes below below]
1995 Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
– This special report was stimulated by debate over use of data from looted or commercial contexts.
Lyons, Claire L.
2003 in press. Theft, Forgery and Illicit Traffic: Preventive Strategies, in A. St. Clair and P. O’Keefe (eds) Art, Antiquity and the Law: Preserving Our Global Cultural Heritage. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.
–
2003 Archaeology, Conservation, and the Ethics of Sustainability,* in R. Leventhal and J. Papadopoulos (eds), Theory and Practice in Mediterranean Archaeology: Old and New World Perspectives. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA. pp.299-308.
–
2002 Objects and Identities: Claiming and Reclaiming the Past, in E. Barkan and R. Bush (eds) Claiming the Stones/Naming the Bones: Cultural Property and the Negotiation of National and Ethnic Identity. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications. pp. 116-37.
– analyzes opposing legal briefs on the “Steinhardt gold phiale” case.
2000 Il caso del piatto d’oro siciliano: I giudici confermano la confisca, with P. Gerstenblith. Kalos. Arte in Sicilia.
–
2000 Responsabilita professionali: recenti iniziative dell*Istituto Archeologico d*America,* in P. Pelagatti and P. G. Guzzo eds, Antichita senza provenienza II, Bollettino d*Arte 101-102 Rome: Istituto Poligrafico. pp.159-63.
– Professional ethics and the responsibility of the archaeologist.
1999 U.S. Collector and Museums challenge Italian Law, Kalos. Arte in Sicilia (March 1999);
– reprinted as “La battaglia per la ‘phiale’,” La Sicilia, Catania, March 11
M
Mackenzie, Simon and Penny Green
2008 Performative Regulation: A Case Study in How Powerful People Avoid Criminal Labels The British Journal of Criminology 48:138-153 (2008) (abstract online)
– “explores the role of invested powerful business actors in the criminalization process as applied to the illicit antiquities market… a case study of the precise mechanics of the role played by trade interests in the formation of the Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003… illustrates that powerful white-collar criminals, as well as sometimes preventing criminal legislation entering the statute books, can also influence the design of criminal legislation that does enter the statute books in order to protect themselves and their own business interests”
Mackey, Larry A.
1995 “The Art Gerber prosecution: A case study in interstate trafficking of stolen artifacts”. Paper presented at the 60th Society for American Archaeology Annual Meetings, Minneapolis, May 3-7, 1995.
– This summarizes the Art Gerber Case, involving destruction of a Hopewell mound in Indiana.
MacLeod, Calum
2010 Tomb raiders unearth new marketplace. USA Today June 23, 2010. Online at: http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-06-23-tomb-raiders-china_N.htm.
– “As China grows more prosperous, more Chinese are taking up antique collecting, and the growing demand is often met by fakes or tomb robbing… the worst in 20 years”.
Magness-Gardiner, Bonnie
1998 Considerations on Creating an Archaeological Image Database Archaeology Data Service Online 3. Online: http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/newsletter/
– The author describes a pilot project of a database to distribute illustrations of archaeological artifacts to Customs agents to fight the illegal antiquities trade.
Majd, Mohammad Gholi
2003 The Great American Plunder of Persia’s Antiquities, 1925-1941. Lanham, MD: University Press of America
– “Using recently declassified State Department records, Mohammad Gholi Majd describes the manner in which the U.S. government had guided and assisted American museums in acquiring vast quantities of Persian antiquities and archaeological finds…” (blurb)
– politically charged account with basic assumption that no antiquities should have left Iran for any reason
Maller, Ben
2011 Texas Drought Turns Weekend Warriors Into Looters of Artifacts, Fossils. The Post Game Friday, September 30, 2011 Online at http://www.thepostgame.com/blog/dish/201109/texas-drough-exposes-history-dinosaur-age.
– “…with Texas locked in a record setting drought, the sinking water levels have turned the lake into something Indiana Jones would love. Texans have recently uncovered 8,000-year-old secrets, reports WFAA Dallas. Both fossils and Native American tools have turned up at Lake Whitney” and this abundance has attracted looters. The article notes there have been 30 arrests, and $30,000 spent on repairs.
Mallouf, Robert J.
1996 An Unraveling Rope: The Looting of America’s Past. American Indian Quarterly 20(2):197-208. (HOT!)
– From the author: “This article discusses the history of archaeological site looting and explores the mechanisms through which individuals having a rudimentary interest in history sometimes evolve a looting mentality. The sometimes strained relationship between Native Americans and archaeologists caused by repatriation issues has tended to draw attention away from, and possibly exacerbate, problems of looting.”
Maniscalco, Fabio
2005 Protection, conservation and exploitation of Palestinian cultural property. In Mediterraneum. Protection of cultural and environmental patrimony, vol. 5. Edited by F. Maniscalco. Naples: University L’Orientale of Naples
– problems in protection of cultural patrimony of Palestine
2004 Protection, conservation and exploitation of underwater cultural patrimony. In Mediterraneum. Protection of cultural and environmental patrimony, vol. 4. Edited by F. Maniscalco. Naples: University L’Orientale of Naples
– problems in protection of underwater cultural property
2002 La tutela dei beni culturali in Italia. In Mediterraneum. Protection of cultural and environmental patrimony, vol. 1. Edited by Fabio Maniscalco. Naples: University L’Orientale of Naples
– problems in protection of cultural property and theft of art in Italy
2002 Protection of cultural patrimony in war areas. In Mediterraneum. Protection of cultural and environmental patrimony, vol. 2. Edited by F. Maniscalco. Naples: University L’Orientale of Naples
– problems in protection of cultural property and theft of art in war areas
2000 Furti d’autore. Naples: Massa
– theft of art in Naples-Italy since the end of the WWII), realized in cooperation with the Italian Cmomando Carabinieri
Maniscalco, Fabio (ed.)
2007 Mediterraneum. World Heritage and War, vol. 3. Naples: University L222Orientale of Naples
– problems and issues regarding the safeguarding and conservation of cultural heritage in warzones http://www.massaeditore.com/worldheritage.htm (English and Italian)
Mariam, Haile
2009 The cultural benefits of the return of the Axum Obelisk in “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
2009 The cultural benefits of the return of the Axum Obelisk in “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
Masse, W. Bruce and Linda M. Gregonis (HOT!)
1996 The art, science, and ethics of avocational archaeology: Alice Hubbard Carpenter: The Legacy and Context of a Southwestern Avocational Archaeologist. Journal of the Southwest 38(3):367
– The authors recognize the strong role avocationalists have played in archaeology, and their strength in communicating with the public.
Matsuda, David
1994 Looted Artifacts: Seeds of Change in Latin America. Anthropos 89:222-224.
– anthropologist studying cultural change in Latin America tags along with Maya huaqueros looting house mounds; notes use of agricultural metaphors like “seed”, that artifacts are “a gift from the ancestors”, and indigenes “practice looting as an adapative survival strategy”
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1978 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance in Europe. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 1, Acoma Books, Ramona.
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1980 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance in the United States. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 2, Acoma Books, Ramona.
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1984 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance in Middle America. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 3, Acoma Books, Ramona.
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1987 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance, Supplement 1. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 4, Verlag Von Fleming, Berlin.
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1989 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance, Supplement 2. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 5, Verlag Von Fleming, Berlin.
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1991 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance, Supplement 3. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 6, Verlag Von Fleming, Berlin.
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1993 Naranjo Stela 12 in Geneva. Mexicon 15(1): 6
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1994 Aguateca Stela 1 mutilated. Mexicon 16(2): 25
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1994 La Amelia Stela 1 fragments reunited. Mexicon 16(6): 112
Mayer, Karl Herbert
1995 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance, Supplement 4. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 7, Academic Publishers.
Mayer, Robert G.
1997 letter to the editor of Toronto Life
rebuttal to “Behind this Door” Article by Elaine Dewar May 1997 Issue of Toronto Life
McAllister, Martin E.
1991 “Looting and vandalism of archaeological resources on federal and Indian lands in the United States” in Protecting the Past edited by George S. Smith and John E. Ehrenhard. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
McAltister, Martin E., J. Scott Wood, and Dorothy M. Goddard
1984 “Cultural Resource Law Enforcement in the United States responsibilities to the profession”. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 156-170. New York: The Free Press.
– responsibilities to the public
McDougall, Liam
2003 US accused of plans to loot Iraqi antiques. Sunday Herald – 06 April 2003
“Fears that Iraq’s heritage will face widespread looting at the end of the Gulf war have been heightened after a group of wealthy art dealers secured a high-level meeting with the US administration.”
McGimsey, Charles R., III
1984 The Value of Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 171-174. New York: The Free Press.
– responsibilities to the public
McGimsey, Charles R., III
1995 Standards, ethics, and archaeology: a brief history. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 11-13. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
– mentions desire for ethical guidelines which led to founding of SOPA
McGimsey, Charles R., III, H.A. Davis, and C. Chapman
1995 SAA, SHA, SOPA, AIA discuss Register of Professional Archaeologists. SHA Newsletter 28(3):10-15.
– mentions development of ROPA
– see link below…
McIntosh, Roderick J., Tereba Togola, and Susan Keech McIntosh
1995 The Good Collector and the premise of mutual respect among nations. African Arts 28(4):60-69,110-111.
– about looting of Mali’s cultural artifacts
McManamon, F.P.
1996 The Antiquities Act: Setting basic preservation policies. CRM Magazine 19(5):19-23.
– on federal preservation policies
1991 The many publics for archaeology. American Antiquity 56:121-130.
–
McNaughton, Patrick R.
1995 Malian antiquities and contemporary desire. African Arts 28(4):22-71.
– guest editorial
Meier, Barry and Martin Gottlieb
2004 An Illicit Journey Out of Egypt, Only a Few Questions Asked. New York Times Feb 23 International
– Ongoing looting in Egypt despite government regulations. In this case, the Pasenenkhons stela reaches the US only to be seized and its story reveals much about the looting industry. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/23/international/23ANTI.html?hp
Meighan, Clement W.
1984 Archaeology: Science or Sacrilege? In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 208-223. New York: The Free Press.
– responsibilities to the public
Merewether, Charles
2003 Looting and Empire Grand Street 72: 82-94
–
Messenger, Phyllis Mauch (editor)
1989 The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– “The purpose of this volume is to present a range of perspectives on issues relating to the ownership and preservation of the artifacts of past cultures.” (p. xix); includes perspectives of the “victims” (Case Studies), options in the cultural steward question, perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations, and a round table on working out the differences (core of the volume was from a 1986 conference on ethics of collecting held in Minneapolis, others are from 1987 SAA Conference in Toronto, and several invited contributions)
– all articles are listed herein
Messenger, Phyllis Mauch
1989 Highlights of a Round Table Discussion and Some Recent Developments in the Cultural Heritage Arena. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.217-242. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– round table on working out differences
Meyer, Karl Ernest (HOT!)
1977 The Plundered Past: the Story of the Illegal International Traffic in Works of Art. Atheneum Press, New York.
– about the illegal trade in art and archaeological objects from 1900 to 1975, and mentions Elgin marbles (and Byron), Boston Museum’s Raphael, Mayan and Etruscan tomb raiders, and collectors such as Leon Pomerance, Norton Simon, and Thomas Hoving; from Laura Pope Robbins: “This book is considered the best work on the topic of antiquities theft and trade for the general reader. It attempts to provide comprehensive documentation of the destruction and theft of the artifacts of the past. Within it are several extensive appendixes which include the United States Antiquity Legislation, a list of major art thefts from 1911-1972, and many other pieces of pertinent information. An extensive 24-page bibliography is also included.”
Middlemas, Keith
1975 The Double Market: Art Theft and Art Thieves. Saxon House, Fanborough, UK.
– from Laura Pope Robbins: “This source is based upon information received from thieves, receivers, antique dealers, security agents, auction houses, private collectors, and journalists, as well as national police forces. It is indexed and makes use of cross-referencing. There is no bibliography, however, it contains some bibliographical material on a chapter-by-chapter basis.”
Miglierini, Julian
2011 Mexico’s struggle to stem looting of historic sites. BBC News 25 February 2011 Online at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12404699.
– “…authorities are looking at various ways of clamping down on this trade in relics of their nation’s history… In some cases, inhabitants of Mexico’s poor rural communities come across pieces and decide to sell them to earn extra income. The middlemen who buy the artefacts then offer the goods to private collectors or art traders. But the business is getting increasingly sophisticated, with criminals taking advantage of the lack of supervision of thousands of sites.” (the criminals include professional looters)
Mihesuah, Devon A. (ed.)
2000 Repatriation Reader: Who Owns Indian Remains. University of Nebraska Press.
– (from the publisher): “the repatriation of Native American skeletal remains and funerary objects has become a lightning rod for radically opposing views about cultural patrimony and the relationship between Native communities and archaeologists. … Native Americans and non-Native Americans within and beyond the academic community offer their views on repatriation and the ethical, political, legal, cultural, scholarly, and economic dimensions of this hotly debated issue” (case studies include Kennewick Man and Zuni Ahayu:da)
Miller, G.L.
1992 The second destruction of the Geldermalsen. Historical Archaeology 26(4):124-131.
Mis, Alvaro Gálvez
1995 Sigue el saqueo en ciudades mayas de Petén. Prensa Libra, 22 de Julio de 1995, p. 8, Ciudad de Guatemala.
Montagne, Renee
(HOT!) 2011 ‘Chasing Aphrodite’ And Other Dirty Art World Deals. NPR Morning Edition. Online: http://www.npr.org/2011/05/16/136252401/chasing-aphrodite-and-other-dirty-art-world-deals.
– “…In award-winning reporting for the Los Angeles Times, journalists Jason Felch and Ralph Frammolino exposed the dramatic story of the Getty’s underhanded art dealings led by their former antiquities curator, Marion True.”
– The authors report that True is the first curator to be indicted for dealing in stolen antiquities. The morale: it is better to di splay borrowed treasures on loan from other countries than to own them outright.
– See Felch and Farmmolinoi Chasing Aphrodite: The Hunt for Looted Antiquities at the World’s Richest Museum.
Morrison, Karl F.
1992 Ethics and Traffic in Stolen Goods: The Wronged Images of Lysi. Modern Greek Studies Yearbook 8:414-421
– review article
Muensterberger, Werner
1994 Collecting, An Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Muñoz, J. Luján
1985 Acerca de la recuperación de varias esculturas mayas que salieron ilegalmente de Guatemala. Mesoamérica. 10(10): 459-470
Muñoz, J. Luján
1969 Algunos problemas sobre la protección de los bienes culturales de Guatemala. Antropología e Historia de Guatemala. 21(1-2): 3-21
Munjeri, Dawson
2009 The reunification of a national symbol in “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
– the Great Zimbabwe Bird
Munson, Cheryl Ann, Marjorie M. Jones, and Robert E. Fry
1995 GE Mound: An ARPA Case Study. American Antiquity 60(1):131-159.
Murphy, Larry E., Mary C. Beaudry, Richard E.W. Adams, and James A. Brown
1995 Commercialization: beyond the law or above it? Ethics and the selling of the archaeological record. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 38-41. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
–
Muscarella, Oscar White
2009 The Fifth Column in the Archaeological Realm: The Great Divide. In Festschrift for Altan Cilingiroglu (Studies in Honour of Altan Cilingiroglu. A life dedicated to Urartu on the shores of the upper sea), edited by Haluk Saglamtimur et al. Istanbul. Pp. 395-406
–
2007 Archaeology and the Plunder Culture. International Journal of the Classical Tradition: 41(1/2): 221-234
–
2000 The Lie Became Great: The Forgery of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures. Groningen: Styx Publications.
– “An important expose of the scholarly and museum “forgery culture,” which tacitly condones the looting of ancient sites and the fabrication of contexts for the objects acquired.”
1991 Review and critique of Phyllis Mauch Messenger’s “The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property?” American Journal of Archaeology 95: 342-344
–
1984 “Amateur Archaeologists” Letter to Editor Archaeology 37: 22-23
–
1981 Report and critique of IFAR Symposium on the International Protection of Cultural Property Journal of Field Archaeology 8: 86-88
–
1977-79 Three Congressional Record Publications of OWM’s testimony regarding HR 3403: Serial 95-28 (1977): 86-88; Serial 96-52; Serial 96-52 (1979): 78-80
–
1977-78 Publications about OWM testifying before The United States Senate on May 12, May 24, 1977, and January 26, 1978 (for attendance see: Archaeology 30, 1977: 279; Journal of Field Archaeology 5, 1978: 98-100
–
1978 “Antiquities Legislation Debate” Archaeology 31: 60-61
– “note contra André Emerich”
1977 ‘Ziwiye’ and Ziwiye: the forgery of a provenience. Journal of Field Archaeology 4:196-219.
– assemblage of NW Iranian artifacts constructed entirely on un-validated, un-provenienced, looted antiquities!
1976 “Antiquities Legislation Pending in Congress” Archaeology 29(4): 275-276
– “OWM supports plunder restriction legislation, contra antiquities collector Leon Pomerance.”
1974 “Colloquium: The Antiquities Market” Paper Two Journal of Field Archaeology 1: 221-222
–
1973 “Antiquities and Collections: A Curator’s Viewpoint” Association for Field Archaeology Newsletter 1(2): 2-5
–
N
Nagin, Carl
1990 The Peruvian Gold Rush. Art and Antiques May, pp. 98-145.
–
1986 Patrons of Plunder Boston Review 5-25
–
Neary, John
1993 Project Sting: The latest tactic in the war on illegal artifact trading is paying off in federal convictions and a flood of information about dealers and their clients. Archaeology 46(5):52-59
– police action taken against archaeological looting
New Zealand Archaeological Association
1993 Code of Ethics, New Zealand Archaeological Association. Archaeology in New Zealand. 36(4):183
–
Newbert, David DeTar
1998 Selling counterfeits is a Crime. Prehistoric American 32(3):25.
– collector’s view on fakes
Nichols, Deborah L, Anthony L. Klesert, and Roger Anyon
1989 Ancestral Sites, Shrines, and Graves: Native American Perspectives on the Ethics of Collecting Cultural Properties. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.27-38. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– case studies of “victim’s perspectives”
Nickens, Paul R.
1991 “The destruction of archaeological sites and data” in Protecting the Past edited by George S. Smith and John E. Ehrenhard. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
–
Niezen, Ronald
2000 Spirit Wars: Native North American Religions in the Age of Nation Building. Berkeley: University of California Press. More information: http://www.aesonline.org/209.
– from the publisher: “…an accessible, concise survey of the disruption and dispossession of the religious life of North American indigenous peoples caused by Euro-American domination”… (includes a chapter called ‘The Collectors’)
Norskov, V.
2002 Greek Vases in New Contexts: The Collecting and Trading of Greek Vases: An Aspect of the Modern Reception of Antiquity. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
–
O
Orson, Diane (HOT!) 2007 Yale Returns Peruvian Antiquities NPR Morning Edition September 18, 2007. Online: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14495762 (includes audio file)
– “Yale University agrees to return to Peru hundreds of artifacts from the Incan site of Machu Picchu. The objects have been at the center of a debate that has lasted almost a century [since they were excavated by archaeologist Hiram Bingham], and culminated last year when the government of Peru threatened to sue Yale to get the artifacts back.” The National Geograhic Society encouraged Yale’s Peabody Museum to return the artifacts after notes were discovered that showed Yale considere dthem to be owned by Peru.
Overstreet, Robert M.
1995 The Overstreet Indian Arrowheads Identification and Price Guide, 4th ed. Avon Books, New York.
Overstreet, Robert M. and Howard Peake
1991 The Official Overstreet Identification and Price Guide to Indian Arrowheads, 2nd ed. The House of Collectibles/Random House, New York.
– typical and popular artifact guides promoting collecting
P
Pal, H. Bhisham
1992 The Plunder of Art. Abhinav Publications, New Delhi.
– from Laura Pope Robbins: “This source focuses on the plunder of Indian religious artifacts. It discusses the psychological aspects of antique collectors who use illegal means to add to their collections and the psychological impact on the culture that loses its artifacts. Preventive measures are also discussed. There are three appendices which include the “Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property” adopted by the UN in 1970, reprints from newspapers and periodicals, and a table illustrating the acceptance of the UN’s convention by 65 states. The index is not cross-referenced and is very short. This source also contains many illustrations of artifacts that have been stolen and mutilated.”
Parezo, Nancy J. and Don D. Fowler
Archaeological records preservation: an ethical obligation. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 50- 55. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
–
Patience, Martin
2010 Nine held in China after emperor family tombs’ raid. BBC News 26 November 2010. Online: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11849378.
– “Nine people have been arrested after robbing the ancestral tombs of China’s first Emperor Qin Shihuang, Chinese officials say….” (same tomb as the famous terracotta army)
Pelagatti, P. and P.G. Guzzo
1997 Antichita senza provenienza II: Atti del colloquio internazionale 17-18 Ottobre 1997, supplement to Bollettino d’Arte 101-102.
–
Pendergast, D.M.
1991 And the loot goes on: winning some battles but not the war. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:89-95.
– increased value of antiquities has lead to looting of more archaeological sites
Pendergast, David M. and Elizabeth Graham
1989 The Battle for the Maya Past: The Effects of International Looting and Collecting in Belize. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.51-60. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– case studies of “victim’s perspectives”
Perez, Venture R., Ryan P. Harrod, & Debra L. Martin (HOT!)
2009 Looting, Collecting and Selling Ancient Artifacts: Who Are the Victims? Anthropology News September 2009 p. 28.
– Nice summary of current state of public/media/local government sentiments in much of the US with almost half of the public feeling it is ok to loot public and private lands for personal gain. Mentions conviction of James Redd and James Shrader in US Four Corners.
Perino, Gregory
1993 Points & Barbs. Central States Archaeological Journal 40(1): 49
– comments on professionalism and collecting, also see letters in response in CSAJ 1993 49(2): 59 & 67 by Paul Rubenstein for Corps of Engineers; by Jay Clark (avocationalist); and in CSAJ 1993 40(4): 160-1 by Wayne Porter
1992 Points & Barbs. Central States Archaeological Journal 39(4): 207
– comments on professionalism and collecting
Pettigrew, Rick
2008 The Looting of the Iraq Museum: An Interview with Donny George. May 25, 2008. The Archaeology Channel. Online: http://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/vidint/georgeint.html
– [paraphrased from site] …the former Director-General of Iraqi Museums and keynote speaker at The Archaeology Channel International Film and Video Festival, May 2008, recalls the events of April 2003 when the Iraq Museum was badly vandalized after American forces entered Baghdad. He describes the damage inflicted there as well as to other Iraqi cultural heritage institutions and sites and emphasizes the importance of these events to all of humanity.
Platt, Tony
2009 Grave Matters: A brief history of the desecration of Native American cemeteries in Humboldt County. North Coast Journal June 18, 2009. Online: http://www.northcoastjournal.com/issues/2009/06/18/grave-matters/
– “What you will not typically be told, or maybe you prefer not to know, is that most local ‘Indian relics’ preserved in university labs, museum display cases, private collections, and tourist attractions were taken from inside graves.”
2009 Skullduggery GoodToGo. Online: http://goodtogo.typepad.com/tony_platt_goodtogo/2009/05/skullduggery.html.
– “The Indian leader Goyathlay, popularly known as Geronimo, died in captivity and was buried at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, in 1909. This fact about his death is generally agreed upon. But the current location of his skull and where his remains should be buried are matters of a longtime and acrimonious dispute, and now a lawsuit that pits tribe against tribe, and the descendants of the man whom Teddy Roosevelt showed off in his 1905 Inaugural Parade against Yale’s most exclusive private club.”
2006 Gen. Patton’s loot LA Times April 4, 2006. Online: http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-platt4apr04,1,6801205.story
– “The Huntington’s copies of key Nazi papers are a historical prize whose own history needs to be officially cleaned up.”
Plog, Fred
1984 The Ethics of Excavation: Site Selection. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 89-96. New York: The Free Press.
– responsibilities to the profession
Pokotylo, David
1999 Public Opinion and Archaeological Heritage: Views from Outside the Profession. American Antiquity 64(3): 400-eoa.
– public views of archaeology and heritage
Polk, Milbry and Angela M.H. Schuster (eds.)
2005 The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia. Harry N. Abrams
– from Publisher’s Weekly: “Over 12 chapters, varied contributors lightly detail the depth and breadth of the collection, presenting highlights in 284 illustrations (most in color) from the collection as it was, with some asides about pieces that have been “reported missing” or are otherwise no longer there…. [but] With its lack of a unified perspective and the inclusion of previously published material, the book has a quickly-stitched-together feel.”
Povoledo, Elisabetta
2007 Getty to Return 40 Artifacts to Italy. NY Times August 1, 2007
– museum has agreed to return items Italy contends were looted, including “a statue of a cult deity usually identified as Aphrodite, one of the Getty’s prized pieces”
Powell, S., C.E. Garza, and A. Hendricks
1993 Ethics and ownership of the past, the reburial and repatriation controversy. In Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 5, edited by M.B. Schiffer, pp. 1-42.
–
Preston, Douglas J.
1999. Woody’s Dream. The New Yorker 75(34)(Nov 15):80-87.
– recent lithic fake scandal
1995 The Mystery of Sandia Cave. The New Yorker 71(16)(Jan 22):66-83
– draws doubts about Sandia and Hibben
1989 Skeletons in Our Museums’ Closets. Harper’s Feb 1989. Online: http://www.harpers.org/archive/1989/02/0058789.
– “Important article in popular journal, draws attention to role of museums in legitimating looting of human remains.”
Pringle, Heather
2006 The Master Plan. Himmler’s Scholars and the Holocaust. Viking Canada
– “Very well written; about a third of it deals with WW11 Nazi looting of museums and other cultural institutions.”
Prott, Lyndell
2009 The ethics and law of return. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
R
Raab, L. Mark
1984 Achieving Professionalism through Ethical Fragmentation: Warnings from Client-Oriented Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 51-61. New York: The Free Press.
– responsibilities to the profession
Raab, L. Mark
1984 Toward an Understanding of the Ethics and Values of Research Design in Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 75-88. New York: The Free Press.
– responsibilities to the profession
Ravenhill, Philip L.
1995 Beyond reaction and denunciation: appropriate action to the crisis of archaeological pillage. African Arts 28(4):56-8
– Recommends creation of a database of African (Mali) history to include information on stolen artifacts residing in American museums.
Reid, J. Jefferson
?? anyone know of an editorial on this topic…??
– editor of American Antiquity decided to stop publishing articles which might elevate value of looted antiquities
Register of Professional Archaeologists (ROPA)
n.d. Code of Conduct & Bylaws
– http://www.rpanet.org/conduct.htm
Renfrew, Colin
2000 Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Archaeology. Duckworth Debates in Archaeology. London: Duckworth.
– (from back cover) “Professor Renfrew reviews some prominent recent scandals…The illicit antiquities trade has turned London along with other international centres into a ‘thieves’ kitchen’ where greed triumphs over serious appreciation of the past. Unless a solution is found to this ethical crisis in archaeology, our record of the past will be vastly diminished. The book lays bare the misunderstanding and hypocrisy that underlie that crisis.”
Renfrew, Colin (HOT!)
1993 Collectors are the real looters. Archaeology 46(3):16-17
– response to Ricardo Elia, Archaeology Jan-Feb 1993 review of his book (reprinted in 1996 – see above): Ricardo Elia’s stance was that looting is caused by the market created by collectors, scholars, and museums. Renfrew feels that collectors cause more harm than scholars and museums since their purpose is pleasure rather than education.
Rice, Prudence
?? anyone know of an editorial on this topic…??
– editor of Latin American Antiquity decided to stop publishing articles which might elevate value of looted antiquities
Ridgway, Brunilde S. and Tamara S. Wheeler
1978 “editorial statement” American Journal of Archaeology 82:1.
– AIA editors resolve not to publish articles or reports based on artifacts acquired in contravention of UNESCO 1970 convention
Rieth, Adolf
1970 Archaeological Fakes. Praeger Publishers, New York.
Robinson, Walter V.
1998 Italy calls N.Y. museum’s prized collection stolen. Boston Globe April 17 p.A01
– Italian government charges the Met is in possession of a stolen collection of 3rd Century BC Hellenistic silver artifacts from the Greek city-state of Morgantina in central Sicily
Robinson, Walter V.
1998 Museums’ stance on Nazi loot belies their role in a key case. Boston Globe February 13 p.A01
– directors of four US museums promise reform and return of any works stolen during WWII, but at same time plan to overturn new laws regarding looted/stolen objects
Robson, E., L. Treadwell, and C. Gosden (eds.)
2006 Who Owns Objects: the Ethics and Politics of Collecting Cultural Artefacts. Oxford: Oxbow Books
–
Romboy, Dennis
1999 Pothunters have formidable foe. Deseret News February 04
– describes how a US Forestry Service detective solved a large-scale, case of pothunting where an entire prehistoric cave site in Utah was destroyed
Rose, J.C. & D. Burke
2004 “Making Money from buried treasure” Culture Without Context 14: 4-8
–
Rose, Mark and Ozgen Acar
1995 Turkey’s war on the illicit antiquities trade. Archaeology 48(2):45-56.
– Turkey has been ravaged by collectors; takes a strong stance against US museums
Rosenswig, Robert M.
1997 Ethics in Canadian archaeology: an international, comparative analysis. Journal of Canadian Archaeology 21:99-114
– compares the Canadian Archaeological Association statement on ethics with those of other national and international associations
– also see Alison Wylie’s comments in the same issue
Ross, Doran H.
1995 Disturbing history: protecting Mali’s cultural heritage African Arts 28(4):1,6,9,10.
– “First Word” editorial section: about looting of Mali’s cultural artifacts and this special issue of the journal
Rothfield, Lawrence
2009 The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2008 Antiquities under Siege: Cultural Heritage Protection after the Iraq War. AltaMira Press.
– from the publisher: “details the disasters that have befallen Iraq’s cultural heritage, analyzes why all efforts to protect it have failed, and identifies new mechanisms and strategies to prevent the mistakes of Iraq from being replicated in other war-torn regions.”
Roxan, David and Ken Wanstall
1965 The Rape of Art: The Story of Hitler’s Plunder of the Great Masterpieces of Europe. New York: Coward-McCann, Inc.
–
Royal Academy of Arts
1995 “Africa: the art of a continet”: the dilemma of display African Arts 28(4):59.
– about looting of Mali’s cultural artifacts and problems of a museum displaying antiquities
S
Sanborn, Andrea
2009 The reunification of the Kwakwaka’wakw mask with its cultural soul. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
Sassoon, David
1989 Considering the Perspective of the Victim: The Antiquities of Nepal. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.61-72. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– case studies of “victim’s perspectives”
Satterwaithe, Linton, Jr.
1958, The Problem of Abnormal Stela Placements at Tikal and Elsewhere. Museum Monographs Tikal Report no. 3. University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, Pennsylvania.
Schmidt, Peter R. and Roderick J. McIntosh (eds.)
1996 Plundering Africa’s Past. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
– A number of chapters describe the theft of Africa’s cultural heritage.
Schuster, A. M. H.
1997 The Search for Site Q. Archaeology 50(5): 42-45
Schuster, A. M. H.
1997 A run for their lives. Archaeology 50(5): 47
Scovazzi, Tullio
2009 Legal aspects of the Axum Obelisk case. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
Seligman, Thomas K.
1989 The Murals of Teotihuacan: A Case Study of Negotiated Restitution. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.73-84. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– case studies of “victim’s perspectives”
Shanks, H.
1985 A radical proposal: archaeologists should sell ancient artifacts. Biblical Archaeology Review 11(1): 24.
– suggests some surplus artifacts should be sold to raise money
Shanks, H.
1985 Dubitante no more – BAR to accept ads for Near Eastern antiquities. Biblical Archaeology Review 11(4): 6-7.
– editors decide to accept ads which promote sale of antiquities
Shanks, H.
1985 The sale of artifacts by archaeologists – an idea whose time has come. Biblical Archaeology Review 11(6): 6-7.
– suggests some surplus artifacts should be sold to raise money
Shanks, H.
1990 Should you patronize our advertisers? Biblical Archaeology Review 16(5): 12-13.
– editorial questioning motivation of some of BAR’s advertisers
Shanks, H.
1996 Who feeds the antiquities market? Biblical Archaeology Review 22(3): 12-13.
– examines what groups are responsible for encouraging the antiquities market, including museums
Shanks, H.
1996 Magnificent obsession. Biblical Archaeology Review 22(3): 22-64.
– about a collector and his large private collection
Shapiro, Daniel
1995 The ban on Mali’s antiquities: a matter of law. African Arts 28(4):42-51.
– The US ban on the import of Mali’s antiquities is ineffective because it does not prevent purchase by countries who do not follow the Convention. Practical steps to protect cultural property must address the various interests involved.
Shestack, Alan
1989 The Museum and Cultural Property: The Transformation of Institutional Ethics. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.93-102. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– options in the “cultural steward question”
Sidibé, Samuel
1995 The pillage of archaeological sites in Mali. African Arts 28(4):52-55.
– Large-scale looting in Mali threatens their cultural patrimony and the potential to understand the area’s history. International trade that encourages this problem is complex, including locals and networks of distributors. The public must become more sensitive to the value of this heritage.
Sifontes, Francis Polo
1983, La depredación arqueológia, tragedia de la cultura. Mesoamérica. 4(15): 277-280
Simpson, Elizabeth
2005 Tall Tales: Celts, Connoisseurs, and the Fabrication of Archaeological Context. Source XXIV:2 (2005): 28-41.
– “The historical and on-going efforts of scholars and curators to fabricate context for looted archaeological objects.”
2004 A Perfect Imitation of the Ancient Work: Ancient Jewelry and Castellani Adaptations. In The Castellani and Italian Archaeological Jewelry edited by S. Walker and S. Soros, 201-226. New York: Bard Graduate Center.
– “The problem of “antiquarian archaeology,” which was often essentially looting, and the legacy it has left us today.”
1999 Review article: Ancient Gold Jewelry at the Dallas Museum; Ancient Jewelry and Archaeology. Journal of Design History 12:3 (1999): 293-97.
– “The problem of looted ancient jewelry, which is most of the ancient jewelry available for study today, and the poor scholarship that has resulted from the study of these objects in the absence of their archaeological context.”
1997 The Spoils of War–World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: Abrams.
– “A comprehensive publication of the 1995 symposium of the same name, which includes a wide variety of articles pertaining to the looting that took place as a result of WW II; the Soviet trophy brigades; the controversy of “Priam’s Treasure,” taken out of Turkey by Schliemann and now in Russia; as well as 17 legal appendices relating to looting issues and the protection of cultural property.”
Simpson, Moira G.
2009 Museums and restorative justice: heritage, repatriation and cultural education. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
1996 Making Representations: Museums in the Post-Colonial Era. London; New York: Routledge.
The author: “the text deals with cultural politics in museums, including repatriation issues and the establishment of indigenous and community museums, and covers developments in USA, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand”.
Slapper, Gary
2009 Weird Cases: irresistible force meets immovable object. Times Online January 9, 2009. Online: http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/columnists/gary_slapper/article5483169.ece.
– “Steven Shaffer has been charged in America with the very rare felony of “removing an object of antiquity” and will stand trial later this year, facing a possible five year sentence. Although such a charge generally involves a small item such as a goblet, this case concerns something significantly larger: an eight-ton boulder that Shaffer is accused of removing from the bottom of a river running between Kentucky and Ohio.” [called “Indian Head Rock”; also see Fred Kight article]
Smith, George S., John E. Ehrenhard (editors)
1991 Protecting the Past. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
includes the following (listed separately):
“The destruction of archaeological sites and data” by Paul R. Nickens
“Some dimensions of the pothunting problem” by Thomas F. King
“Looting and vandalism of archaeological resources on federal and Indian lands in the United States” by Martin E. McAllister
Society for American Archaeology
1996 Society for American Archaeology principles of archaeological ethics. American Antiquity 61(3): 451-452.
– SAA establishes its own code of ethics and standards (links to Web pages follow)
Sommerville, Quentin
2007 Ancient ship raised from S China Sea BBC News 21 December 2007 Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7156581.stm
– “Chinese archaeologists have raised a merchant ship which sank in the South China Sea 800 years ago while transporting a cargo of precious porcelain. … China has invested about $40m in this project, in the hope of reclaiming a part of the country’s history, and this time ensuring it stays in Chinese hands.”
Specht, Sanne (HOT!)
2007 Treasure hunt: Digging for trouble (Southern Oregon) Mail Tribune November 18, 2007. Online: http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071118/NEWS/711180323
– “Backyard treasure hunters beware. A little-known Oregon statute makes it illegal for anyone to intentionally unearth artifacts more than 75 years old without a permit from the state — even on private property.”
Spence, E. Lee
1997 Capitalism Versus Socialism in Underwater Archaeology (1992, revised 1997). Available online: http://www.shipwrecks.com/ethics_in_underwater_archaeology.htm.
– poses the classic debate in economc terms, rather than ‘looter’ versus ‘professional’; some commercial practitioners are cast as “capitalist arcaheologists” in contrast with government-employed “socialist archaeologists”
Stamatoudi, Irini
2009 Mediation and cultural diplomacy. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
Stark, Mike
2009 Colorado man indicted in artifacts looting case. Aspen Times Wednesday, August 26, 2009 (from AP). Online: http://www.aspentimes.com/article/20090826/NEWS/908269989/1058/rss.
– “A Colorado man who sold American Indian relics on the Internet is the latest person charged in a far-reaching federal investigation into the looting of ancient Southwestern artifacts.”
Starn, Orin
2004 Ishi’s Brain: In Search of America’s Last ‘Wild’ Indian. New York: W.W. Norton
– From the publisher: “A chronicle of the search for the truth about the life and death of a legendary Native American. This absorbing new portrait of Ishi, wild man of Deer Creek, museum curiosity, and last of his tribe, will appeal to anyone interested in Native America, a story of science and scandal, and the life and legend of California’s most famous Indian.” (Ishi’s brain was sent to the Smithsonian in 1916 where it was preserved in formaldehyde for their collection of human remains.)
Steponaitis, Vin
1998 Update on ROPA. SAA Bulletin 16(1):2,18.
SAA and SHA pass ROPA proposal – ROPA will now become a reality, an independent, non-profit organisation
for more background see article in SAA Bulletin 15(3):61-4 and the SAA Web site link(s) below
Stille, Alexander
2002 The Future of the Past. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
– contains a chapter on looting at Morgantina (Sicily), the Morgantina silver hoard at the Metropolitan Museum, and archaic sculptures once in the Templesman Collection.
Stone, Elizabeth C. (HOT!)
2008 Patterns of looting in southern Iraq. SAFE/Saving Antiquities for Everyone. 24 September 2007 Online: http://www.savingantiquities.org/feature_page.php?featureID=11
– “The archaeological sites of Iraq, precious for their bearing on human history, became especially vulnerable to looters during two wars. Much of the looting evidence has been anecdotal up to now, but here satellite imagery has been employed to show which sites were looted and when.”
Stuart, George E.
1989 Working Together to Preserve Our Past. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.243-252. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– round table on working out differences
Sturgis, Sue (HOT!)
2009 Alabama city destroying ancient Indian mound for Sam’s Club. Facing South: The Online Magazine of the Institute for Southern Studies. August 4, 2009
– “City leaders in Oxford, Ala. have approved the destruction of a 1,500-year-old Native American ceremonial mound and are using the dirt as fill for a new Sam’s Club, a retail warehouse store operated by Wal-Mart. …But Oxford Mayor Leon Smith — whose campaign has financial connections to firms involved in the $2.6 million no-bid project — insists the mound is not man-made and was used only to ‘send smoke signals’.”
– also note the extensive reader discussion and commentary
Swanson, Charles R., Neil C. Chamelin, and Leonard Territo,
1992 Criminal Investigation 5th edition. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Robert Hicks “The chapter on the looting of archeological sites contains the best published guide on investigative methods for law enforcement officers that I know of.”
“swivelchair”
2008 How powerful people avoid criminal labels: steroids, backdating and stolen museum artifacts Neurological Correlates Feb 18, 2008 (online).
– This blog entry discusses how white collar criminals avoid being labeled as criminals, correlating Jose Canseco’s sports drug-use story with the theft and display of artifacts by museums, citing a 2007 legal case study by Mackenzie and Green
Swigart, Rob
2007 Stone Mirror: A Novel of the Neolithic. Walnut Creek CA: Left Coast Press.
– This novel/textbook tells parallel stories of Çatalhöyük (Neolithic village life and modern excavation), touching on archaeological politics and the forgery and illegal trading of antiquities, as well as exposes the conflict between the serious business of an archaeological excavation and the public fascination with unusual artifacts.
T
Talbot, Ann
2003 “US government implicated in planned theft of Iraqi artistic treasures” World Socialist Web Site 19 April 2003 Accessed Dec 8, 2006.
– implicates US government in looting of Iraqi museums
Tavernise, Sabrina
2009 Returned Artifacts Displayed in Kabul. NY Times October 6, 2009. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/world/asia/07afghan.html.
– “…The National Museum was celebrating the return of about 2,000 artifacts that had been smuggled into Britain over the years of war in Afghanistan. British authorities confiscated the smuggled items and, after several years spent figuring out where the artifacts had come from, sent them back to Afghanistan in February.”
Tay, Alice Erh Soon
1985 “Law and the cultural heritage”. in Who owns the past? : papers from the annual symposium of the Australian Academy of the Humanities edited by Isabel McBryde, pp. 107-138. New York: Oxford University Press.
– addresses legal issues surrounding ownership of cultural artifacts, with international coverage of laws such as “Treasure Trove” and property rights
Thorleifsen, Daniel
2009 The repatriation of Greenland’s cultural heritage. In “Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference” MUSEUM International No.241-2
–
Timpson, Trevor
2007 Fear and fury among the Marbles BBC News Viewed: September 12 2007. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6986756.stm
– computer restoration of the Elgin marbles by the British Museum, plus links to more stories in the BBC News
Tower, Howard B., Jr.
1994 Common ground: treasure hunters and archaeologists. Treasure Quest Magazine 5(3):69-71
– suggests professional treasure hunteres and archaeologists should work together (underwater)
Tower, Howard B., Jr.
1984 The battle for America’s sunken treasure. Skin Diver 35(1):108-113
– from the article: “Extreme positions taken by individuals of both sides have clouded the major issues and built a wall of animosity difficult to breach by clear thinking individuals in both camps.”
Trigger, Bruce G.
1989 A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press.
– Useful for setting the context of archaeological method and practice.
Trinkley, Michael
1995. Site Records in the Southeast: an Overview of Preservation Efforts and Challenges. In David G. Anderson and Virginia Horak (eds), Archaeological Site File Management: a Southeastern Perspective. Readings in Archeological Resource Protection Series No. 3. Tallahassee, FL: Southeast Archeological Center.
– Discusses site preservation effors and challenges (human & natural) in the US Southeast.
– See http://anthro.org/sfm18.htm for a text copy that includes tables but no graphics.
Trupp, Philip
1983 Ancient shipwrecks yield both prizes and bitter conflict. Smithsonian 14:79-89
– discusses both sides to underwater archaeology, incl. concerns over access, scholarly versus real value of artifacts, and the potential for a common ground
Tucker, Diane (HOT!)
2009 Brutal Destruction Of Iraq’s Archaeological Sites Continues. Huffington Post September 21, 2009 04:46 PM. Online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/diane-tucker/brutal-destruction-of-ira_b_290667.html.
– “…A brutal plundering of this rich cultural heritage has been taking place in broad daylight ever since the 2003 invasion of Iraq. These days Ancient Mesopotamia looks more like a scene from the movie Holes.” The article notes the extent of the catastrophe and the failure of the US government and military to prevent or contain the problem, and mentions Babylon, Samarra, & Umm al-Aqarib; includes a short slideshow
Twain, Mark
NEW! 04/05/12 1869 The Innocents Abroad. Online version: http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/mtwain/bl-mtwain-innocents-41.htm.
– CHAPTER XLI.
We brought not a relic from Ephesus! After gathering up fragments of sculptured marbles and breaking ornaments from the interior work of the Mosques; and after bringing them at a cost of infinite trouble and fatigue, five miles on muleback to the railway depot, a government officer compelled all who had such things to disgorge! He had an order from Constantinople to look out for our party, and see that we carried nothing off. It was a wise, a just, and a well-deserved rebuke, but it created a sensation…
Twigg, Deb
2009 Buying and Selling Artifacts…An American Tragedy. SRAC “River, Rocks, and Time” March 7, 2009. Online resource: http://sracenter.blogspot.com/2009/03/buying-and-selling-artifactsan-american.html.
– The Executive Director of the Susquehanna River Archaeological Center of Native Indian Studies asks why archaeologists should be allowe dto be involved with the selling of artifacts.
Tubb, K.W. (editor)
1995 Antiquities trade or betrayed, legal, ethical, and conservation issues. ArcheType Publications, London.
– increased value of antiquities has lead to looting of more archaeological sites
Tunnell, Curtis
1979 Don’t Be a Knapping Vandal. Lithic Technology 8(1), also reprinted as untitled letter, Flintknappers’ Exchange 2(2):2 (1979),and in Bulletin of Primitive Technology 5:71 (1993).
– site destruction by knappers seeking stone
U
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
1976 Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export, and transfer of cultural property. Journal of Field Archaeology 3:217-220.
– the famous “1970 Convention” which protests illicit trade in antiquities etc.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
1992 Vandalism: Research, Prevention and Social Policy. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-293. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Robert Hicks “Perhaps not the most useful publication for deriving investigative strategies for law enforcement officers, this pub nevertheless has insightful articles about vandalism, incl. at least one on vandalism of rock art.”
V
Vandiver, Pamela B.
1992 Materials issues in art and archaeology III: symposium held April 27-May 1, 1992, San Francisco, California, USA. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society.
– Part I, “Cultural Heritage in Conflict” has important articles on “Monuments as Targets” etc.
Vitelli, Karen D.
1981 The ethics of collecting: afterthoughts on the responsibilities of archaeologists. Journal of Field Archaeology 8:88-89.
–
Vitelli, Karen D.
1981 “Editorial Note” American Journal of Archaeology 85:343.
– AIA editors resolve not to publish reviews of books based on artifacts acquired in contravention of UNESCO 1970 convention
Vitelli, Karen D.
1982 Antiquity assets. Journal of Field Archaeology 9:274-276.
–
Vitelli, Karen D.
1984 The International Traffic in Antiquities: Archaeological Ethics and the Archaeologist’s Responsibility. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 143-155. New York: The Free Press.
– responsibilities to the profession
Vitelli, Karen D.
1996 Archaeological Ethics. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
– collection of Archaeology Magazine articles written for a general audience on archaeological ethics (looting, reburial, repatriation issues), plus summaries, discussion questions, suggestions for further reading, and a resource guide should make this a useful teaching tool
W
Wagner, Erika
1987 The Future of the Past in Latin America. Journal of Field Archaeology. 14: 107-110
Warren, Karen J.
1989 A Philosophical Perspective on the Ethics and Resolution of Cultural Property Issues. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.1-26. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
– case studies of “victim’s perspectives”
Watkins, Joe
2000 Indigenous archaeology, American Indian values and scientific practice. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press
– covers collection, preservation, cultural property, repatriation, and anthropological ethics
Watkins, Joe, Lynne Goldstein, Karen Vitelli, and Leigh Jenkins
1995 Accountability: respondibilities of archaeologists to other interest groups. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 33-37. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
–
White, Patrick
2006 Stolen from US history: its artifacts. Christian Science Monitor 04/26/2006 (online)
– “…Indeed, US officials say the brazen looting of ancient native-American artifacts, Civil War mementos, and other valuable relics is reaching epidemic proportions.”
Whittaker, John C.
2004 American Flintknappers: Stone Age Art in the Age of Computers. University of Texas Press, Austin.
– includes material on collectors, markets, fakes, effects on arch record and looting
Whittaker, John C.
1990 Going Once! Going Twice! Iowa Archaeological Society Newsletter 40(3):1-3.
– essay on artifact auction, collections, and ethics
Whittaker, John C., and Michael Stafford (HOT!)
1999 Replicas, Fakes, and Art: The Twentieth Century Stone Age and its Effects on Archaeology. American Antiquity 64(2):203-214. Reprinted 2000 in The Arkansas Archaeologist 39:19-30 (1998 issue).
– markets, collecting, modern knappers
Wildesen, Leslie E.
1984 The Search for an Ethic in Archaeology: An Historical Perspective. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 3-12. New York: The Free Press.
– background to ethics question
Wilson, David
1985 “Return and restitution: a museum perspective”. in Who owns the past? : papers from the annual symposium of the Australian Academy of the Humanities edited by Isabel McBryde, pp. 99-106. New York: Oxford University Press.
– from the article: “The purpose of this short paper is to put the case of the great international museums against claims for the return or ‘restitution’ of cultural property.”
Wilson, Thomas
1888 Fraudulent Spear or Arrowheads of Curious Forms. American Naturalist 22:554-555.
– early lithic fakes
Winter, Joseph C.
1984 The Way to Somewhere: Ethics in American Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp.36-50. New York: The Free Press.
– background to ethics question
Wiseman, James
1984 Scholarship and provenience in the study of artifacts. Journal of Field Archaeology 11(1):67-77.
– scholarship concerns with publication involving museum/private collection artifacts with unknown provenience; several cases are examined
Woodall, J.N. (editor)
1990 Predicaments, pragmatics, and professionalism: ethical conduct in archeology. Special Publication No. 1. Society of Professional Archeologists, Oklahoma City.
– collection of papers about current ethical issues in North American archaeology
Wylie, Alison (HOT!)
1995 Archaeology and the antiquities market: the use of “looted” data. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 17- 21. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
– ethical questions regarding use of date from looted sites or commercial excavations
Wylie, Alison
1996 Ethical Dilemmas in archaeological practice: looting, repatriation, stewardship, and the (trans)formation of disciplinary identity. Perspectives on Sciences 4(2):154-194.
– four examples show how entanglement of professional and commercial activities have made clear distinction between scientific and non-scientific archaeology difficult; thorough discussion of issues raised about use of data from looted or commercial contexts in research and publication
Wylie, Alison
1997 Contextulaizing ethics: comments on ethics in Canadian archaeology by Robert Rosenswig Journal of Canadian Archaeology 21:115-120
– comments on Robert Rosenswig’s article in same issue
Wright, William
1995 Bring beauty back to Mali African Arts 28(4):84-89,112.
– about looting of Mali’s cultural artifacts
Y
Yardley, William
2009 Utah Town Unsettled by Doctor’s Suicide and an Inquiry on Indian Artifact Looting. NY Times June 20, 2009. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/us/21blanding.html.
– “…even as residents of Blanding have joined in grief, the circumstances of Dr. Redd’s death have shocked this tidy little town and threatened the delicate cross-cultural balance here that he helped preserve. Dr. Redd, 60, was found dead of a suicide a day after federal prosecutors charged him, his wife and 22 others with stealing, selling and trading Indian artifacts from the ancestral lands that stretch out from here in every direction.”
“Many whites say Blanding, which had been raided before, has been unfairly singled out in a region where universities and museums once paid residents to dig up artifacts. Residents, including Mr. Carroll, often grew up collecting objects as a hobby and still stumble upon arrowheads. (Mr. Carroll said he stopped collecting more than 30 years ago.) Many expressed outrage that residents were being portrayed as “grave robbers.”
Yates, Donna
2006 South America on the Block : the changing face of pre-Columbian antiquities auctions in response to international law. Thesis (Mphil). Cambridge: Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge.
–
Yourd, William J.
1984 Going … Going … Gone? Archaeological Observations Amidst the Destruction of the Bryan Site-Complex, 1854-1980. Minnesota Archaeologist 43(2):7-20.
– description of what may have been the largest Mississippian Tradition village site in Minnesota but has been subjected to decades of plowing, gravel quarrying, roadwork, and looting
Z
Zander, Caroline M.
1996 The Antiquities Act: regulating salvage of historic shipwrecks. CRM Magazine 19(5):28-32.
– on federal preservation policies and marine salvage
Zimmerman, Larry J.
1995 Regaining our nerve: ethics, values, and the transformation of archaeology. In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990’s, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 64- 67. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
Zimmerman, Larry J., Karen D. Vitelli, & Julie Hollowell-Zimmer (eds.)
2003 Ethical Issues in Archaeology. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press
– Focus is on professional obligations to conserve the archaeological record; to inform and collaborate with diverse publics, and to deal fairly with others. Some chapters recount personal experiences with conflicting moral issues, others evaluate controversial practices. Included are new obligations; e.g. the role archaeologists can play in reducing Third World by turning sites into sustainable, local economic resources by attracting tourism or at least sustaining long-term field projects.
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