Independent Agencies

Independent Agencies in the United States

Subject to Congressional oversight, Independent Agencies of the US Government fall within the Executive Branch of government but operate more autonomously than Federal Agencies headed by Cabinet members such as the Department of State which must report directly to the President.

Administrative Agencies of the Executive Branch

Introduction

According to the Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, Administrative agencies, often called the “fourth branch,” are “entities of government that make decisions within particular substantive fields.” Although, in fact, these fields range over the full spectrum of public concern, the specificity of agencies’ focus distinguishes them from other entities. The Encyclopedia says that “Administrative agencies make government work. A statute that calls for government to provide benefits or to regulate the private sector will not achieve its goals unless a unit of government is given responsibility for implementing the statute.”

Independent Agencies of the Executive Branch of the U.S. Government

According to the book “An outline of American government” (1980), by Richard C. Schroeder: “The executive departments are the major operating units of the federal government, but there are many other agencies which have important responsibilities for keeping the government and the economy working smoothly. These are often called independent agencies, since they are not part of the executive departments. The nature and purpose of these agencies vary widely. Some are regulatory groups, with powers to supervise certain sectors of the economy. Others provide special services, either to the government or to the people. In most cases, the agencies have been created by Congress to deal with matters that have become too complex for the scope of ordinary legislation. The Interstate Commerce Commission, for example, was established by Congress in 1887 to curb the growing power of the railroads. In recent years, however, a trend toward deregulation of the economy has altered the functions of many federal regulatory bodies.”

List of Independent Agencies of the Executive Branch of the United States Government

Among the most important (U.S.) independent agencies are the following:

Action

(This independent agency) is the principal federal agency for administering domestic volunteer service programs to meet basic human needs, and to support the self-help efforts of poor individuals and communities. Some of ACTION’s programs are Foster Grandparents, offering older Americans opportunities for close relationships with needy children; Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), which provides volunteers to work in poor communities; and Student Community Service Projects, which encourages students to volunteer in their communities as part of their education.

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

(This independent agency) coordinates intelligence activities of certain government departments and agencies; collects, correlates and evaluates intelligence information relating to national security; and makes recommendations to the National Security Council.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

(This independent agency), founded in 1970, works with state and local governments throughout the United States to control and abate pollution in the air and water, and to deal with the problems of solid waste, pesticides, radiation and toxic substances. EPA sets and enforces standards for air and water quality, evaluates the impact of pesticides and chemical substances, and manages the so-called “Superfund” program for cleaning toxic waste sites.

The Federal Communications Commission

(This independent agency) licenses the operation of radio and television stations and regulates interstate telephone and telegraph services. It sets rates for interstate communications services, assigns radio frequencies, and administers international communications treaties.

The Federal Reserve System

supervises the private banking system of the United States. It regulates the volume of credit and money in circulation. The Federal Reserve performs many of the functions of central banks in other countries, such as issuing paper currency; unlike central banks, however, it does not act as the depository of the country’s gold reserve.

The Federal Trade Commission

(This independent agency) guards against trade abuses and unfair business practices by conducting investigations and holding hearings on complaints.

The General Accounting Office

(This independent agency) is an arm of the legislative branch that oversees expenditures by the executive branch. It is headed by the comptroller general of the United States. It settles or adjusts — independently of the executive departments — all claims and demands by or against the federal government, and all money accounts in which the government is concerned. It also checks the ledger accounts of all federal disbursement and collection officers to see that public funds have been paid out legally.

The General Services Administration

(This independent agency) controls much of the physical property of the federal government. It is responsible for the purchase, supply, operation and maintenance of federal property, buildings and equipment, and for the sale of surplus items.

The Interstate Commerce Commission

(This independent agency) regulates the rates and practices in interstate commerce of all common carriers, such as railroads, buses, trucks, and shipping on inland waterways. It supervises the issuance of stocks and bonds by common carriers and enforces safety laws.

The National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA)(This independent agency), established in 1958 to run the U.S. space program, placed the first American satellites and astronauts in orbit, and launched the Apollo spacecraft that landed men on the moon in 1969. Today, NASA conducts research aboard Earth-orbiting satellites and interplanetary probes, explores new concepts in advanced aerospace technology, and operates the U.S. fleet of manned space shuttles. In the 1990s, NASA will assemble, in space, the components for a permanent space station manned by international crews from the United States, Europe and Japan.

The National Foundation On The Arts And The Humanities

(This independent agency)encourages the development of American arts, literature and scholarship, through grants to individuals, groups, institutions and state agencies.

The National Labor Relations Board

(This independent agency) administers the principal U.S. labor law, the National Labor Relations Act. The Board is vested with the power to prevent or remedy unfair labor practices and to safeguard employees’ rights to organize and determine through elections whether to have unions as their bargaining representative.

The National Science Foundation

(This independent agency) was created to strengthen basic research and education in the sciences in the United States. It grants funds for research and education programs to universities and other institutions, and coordinates the science information activities of the federal government.

The Office Of National Drug Control Policy(This independent agency), created in 1988 to raise the profile of the U.S. government’s fight against illegal drugs, coordinates efforts of such agencies as the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, the Customs Service and the Coast Guard.

The Office Of Personnel Management

(This independent agency) in 1979 assumed functions of the Civil Service Commission, which was created in 1883 to establish a merit system for government service and to eliminate politics from public appointments. The agency holds competitive examinations across the country to select qualified workers for over three million government posts. It also sponsors training programs to increase the effectiveness of government employees.

The Peace Corps

(This independent agency), founded in 1961, trains volunteers to serve in foreign countries for two years. Peace Corps volunteers, now working in more than 60 nations, assist in agricultural-rural development, small business, health, natural resources conservation and education.

The Securities And Exchange Commission was established to protect investors who buy stocks and bonds. Federal laws require companies that plan to raise money by selling their own securities to file facts about their operations with the commission. The commission has powers to prevent or punish fraud in the sale of securities, and is authorized to regulate stock exchanges.

The Small Business Administration

(This independent agency) lends money to small businesses, aids victims of floods and other natural disasters, and helps secure contracts for small businesses to supply goods and services to the federal government.

The United States Agency For International Development (USAID)

(This independent agency) carries out economic assistance programs designed to help the people in developing countries develop their human and economic resources, increase their productive capacities, and improve the quality of human life. The USAID administrator also serves as director of the U.S. International Development Cooperation Agency, which serves as the focal point for U.S. participation in such organizations as the U.N. Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Organization of American States (OAS) Technical Assistance Funds program, the World Bank Group, and along with the Department of Agriculture, the Food for Peace program.

The United States Arms Control And Disarmament Agency

(This independent agency) is responsible for U.S. participation in international negotiations on arms limitation and disarmament. It represents the United States on international arms control commissions and supports research on arms control and disarmament.

The United States Information Agency (USIA)

(This independent agency) seeks to promote a better understanding of the United States in other countries through the dissemination abroad of information about the nation, its people, culture and policies. USIA also administers a number of two-way educational and cultural exchange programs, such as the Fulbright Program, with foreign nations. It provides assistance to foreign press and television journalists covering the United States. The Agency also advises the president and the various departments of the government on foreign opinion concerning U.S. policies and programs.

The United States Postal Service

(This independent agency) is operated by an autonomous public corporation that replaced the Post Office Department in 1971. The Postal Service is responsible for the collection, transportation and delivery of the mails, and for the operation of thousands of local post offices across the country. It also provides international mail service through the Universal Postal Union and other agreements with foreign countries. An independent Postal Rate Commission, also created in 1971, sets the rates for different classes of mail.

Source: “An outline of American government” (1980), by Richard C. Schroeder

Independent Agencies & Government Corporations

Besides independent agencies, businesses and industry players interact with multiple government corporations. Government corporations are enterprises (“corporate bodies”) that exist in the private sector, but are owned by the federal (or State) government. Important examples include Sallie Mae, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae). They are revenue generating companies that are legally distinct from but operated or owned (wholly or partially owned) by the government.

Resources

see Also

Executive Branch
Federal Government
State Independent Agencies
Government Corporation
Legislative Branch
Judicial Branch
Powers of the U.S. Presidency
Presidential Powers
Constraints on Presidential Power
Executive Departments


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