Geneva Convention (I) in United States

Geneva Convention (I)

Signed at Geneva, 12 August 1949.

ENTRY INTO FORCE: 21 October 1950.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Articles
Chapter I. General provisions
Respect for the Convention 1
Application of the Convention 2
Conflicts not of an international character 3
Application by neutral Powers 4
Duration of application 5
Special agreements 6
Non-renunciation of rights 7
Protecting Powers 8
Activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross 9
Substitutes for Protecting Powers 10
Conciliation procedure 11
Chapter II. Wounded and sick
Protection and care 12
Protected persons 13
Status 14
Search for casualties. Evacuation 15
Recording and forwarding of information 16
Prescriptions regarding the dead.
Graves registration service 17
Role of the population 18
Chapter III. Medical units and establishments
Protection 19
Protection of hospital ships 20
Discontinuance of protection of medical establishments
and units 21
Conditions not depriving medical units and establishments
of protection 22
Hospital zones and localities 23
Chapter IV. Personnel
Protection of permanent personnel 24
Protection of auxiliary personnel 25
Personnel of aid societies 26
Societies of neutral countries 27
Retained personnel 28
Status of auxiliary personnel 29
Return of medical and religious personnel 30
Selection of personnel for return 31
Return of personnel belonging to neutral countries 32
Chapter V. Buildings and material
Buildings and stores 33
Property of aid societies 34
Chapter VI. Medical transports
Protection 35
Medical aircraft 36
Flight over neutral countries. Landing of wounded 37
Chapter VII. The distinctive emblem
Emblem of the Convention 38
Use of the emblem 39
Identification of medical and religious personnel 40
Identification of auxiliary personnel 41
Marking of medical units and establishments 42
Marking of units of neutral countries 43
Restrictions in the use of the emblem. Exceptions 44
Chapter VIII. Execution of the Convention
Detailed execution. Unforeseen cases 45
Prohibition of reprisals 46
Dissemination of the Convention 47
Translations. Rules of application 48
Chapter IX. Repression of abuses and Infractions
Penal sanctions:
I. General observations 49
II. Grave breaches 50
III. Responsibilities of the Contracting Parties 51
Enquiry procedure 52
Misuse of the emblem 53
Prevention of misuse 54

Final Provisions
Languages 55
Signature 56
Ratification 57
Coming into force 58
Relation to previous Conventions 59
Accession 60
Notification of accessions 61
Immediate effect 62
Denunciation 63
Registration with the United Nations 64

Annex I
Draft Agreement relating to hospital zones and localities

Annex II
Identity card for members of medical and religious
personnel attached to the armed forces

* * *

The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the
Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from 21 April to 12 August 1949, for
the purpose of revising the Geneva Convention for the Relief of the Wounded
and Sick in Armies in the Field of 27 July 1929, have agreed as follows:

CHAPTER I

General Provisions

Article 1. The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure
respect for the present Convention in all circumstances.

Art. 2. In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in
peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war
or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the
High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one
of them.

The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation
of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation
meets with no armed resistance.

Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present
Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in
their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention
in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the
provisions thereof.

Art. 3. In the case of armed conflict not of an international character
occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each
Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a
minimum, the following provisions:

(1) Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members
of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors
de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall
in all circumstances be treated humanely,without any adverse
distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or
wealth, or any other similar criteria.
To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at
any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the
above-mentioned persons:
(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds,
mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;
(b) taking of hostages;
(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and
degrading treatment;
(d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions
without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted
court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as
indispensable by civilized peoples.

(2) The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.

An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the
Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.

The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force,
by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the
present Convention.

The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal
status of the Parties to the conflict.

Art. 4. Neutral Powers shall apply by analogy the provisions of the present
Convention to the wounded and sick, and to members of the medical personnel
and to chaplains of the armed forces of the Parties to the conflict,
received or interned in their territory, as well as to dead persons found.

Art. 5. For the protected persons who have fallen into the hands of the
enemy, the present Convention shall apply until their final repatriation.

Art. 6. In addition to the agreements expressly provided for in Articles
10, 15, 23, 28, 31, 36, 37 and 52, the High Contracting Parties may
conclude other special agreements for all matters concerning which they may
deem it suitable to make separate provision. No special agreement shall
adversely affect the situation of the wounded and sick, of members of the
medical personnel or of chaplains, as defined by the present Convention,
nor restrict the rights which it confers upon them.

Wounded and sick, as well as medical personnel and chaplains, shall
continue to have the benefit of such agreements as long as the Convention
is applicable to them, except where express provisions to the contrary are
contained in the aforesaid or in subsequent agreements, or where more
favourable measures have been taken j with regard to them by one or other
of the Parties to the conflict.

Art. 7. Wounded and sick, as well as members of the medical personnel and
chaplains, may in no circumstances renounce in part or in entirety the
rights secured to them by the present Convention, and by the special
agreements referred to in the foregoing Article, if such there be.

Art. 8. The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and
under the scrutiny of the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard
the interests of the Parties to the conflict. For this purpose, the
Protecting Powers may appoint, apart from their diplomatic or consular
staff, delegates from amongst their own nationals or the nationals of other
neutral Powers. The said delegates shall be subject to the approval of the
Power with which they are to carry out their duties.

The Parties to the conflict shall facilitate to the greatest extent
possible, the task of the representatives or delegates of the Protecting
Powers.

The representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall not in any
case exceed their mission under the present Convention. They shall, in
particular, take account of the imperative necessities of security of the
State wherein they carry out their duties. Their activities shall only be
restricted as an exceptional and temporary measure when this is rendered
necessary by imperative military necessities.

Art. 9. The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to
the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red
Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the
consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the
protection of wounded and sick, medical personnel and chaplains, and for
their relief.

Art. 10. The High Contracting Parties may at any time agree to entrust to
an organization which offers all guarantees of impartiality and efficacy
the duties incumbent on the Protecting Powers by virtue of the present
Convention.

When wounded and sick, or medical personnel and chaplains do not benefit or
cease to benefit, no matter for what reason, by the activities of a
Protecting Power or of an organization provided for in the first paragraph
above, the Detaining Power shall request a neutral State, or such an
organization, to undertake the functions performed under the present
Convention by a Protecting Power designated by the Parties to a conflict.

If protection cannot be arranged accordingly, the Detaining Power shall
request or shall accept, subject to the provisions of this Article, the
offer of the services of a humanitarian organization, such as the
International Committee of the Red Cross, to assume the humanitarian
functions performed by Protecting Powers under the present Convention.

Any neutral Power, or any organization invited by the Power concerned or
offering itself for these purposes, shall be required to act with a sense
of responsibility towards the Party to the conflict on which persons
protected by the present Convention depend, and shall be required to
furnish sufficient assurances that it is in a position to undertake the
appropriate functions and to discharge them impartially.

No derogation from the preceding provisions shall be made by special
agreements between Powers one of which is restricted, even temporarily, in
its freedom to negotiate with the other Power or its allies by reason of
military events, more particularly where the whole, or a substantial part,
of the territory of the said Power is occupied.

Whenever, in the present Convention, mention is made of a Protecting Power,
such mention also applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the
present Article.

Art. 11. In cases where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected
persons, particularly in cases of disagreement between the Parties to the
conflict as to the application or interpretation of the provisions of the
present Convention, the Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices
with a view to settling the disagreement.

For this purpose, each of the Protecting Powers may, either at the
invitation of one Party or on its own initiative, propose to the Parties to
the conflict a meeting of their representatives, in particular of the
authorities responsible for the wounded and sick, members of medical
personnel and chaplains, possibly on neutral territory suitably chosen. The
Parties to the conflict shall be bound to give effect to the proposals made
to them for this purpose. The Protecting Powers may, if necessary, propose
for approval by the Parties to the conflict, a person belonging to a
neutral Power or delegated by the International Committee of the Red Cross,
who shall be invited to take part in such a meeting

CHAPTER II

Wounded and Sick

Art. 12. Members of the armed forces and other persons mentioned in the
following Article, who are wounded or sick, shall be respected and
protected in all circumstances.

They shall be treated humanely and cared for by the Party to the conflict
in whose power they may be, without any adverse distinction founded on sex,
race, nationality, religion, political opinions, or any other similar
criteria. Any attempts upon their lives, or violence to their persons,
shall be strictly prohibited; in particular, they shall not be murdered or
exterminated, subjected to torture or to biological experiments; they shall
not wilfully be left without medical assistance and care, nor shall
conditions exposing them to contagion or infection be created.

Only urgent medical reasons will authorize priority in the order of
treatment to be administered.

Women shall be treated with all consideration due to their sex. The Party
to the conflict which is compelled to abandon wounded or sick to the enemy
shall, as far as military considerations permit, leave with them a part of
its medical personnel and material to assist in their care.

Art. 13. The present Convention shall apply to the wounded and sick
belonging to the following categories:

(1) Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict, as well as
members of militias or volunteer corps forming part of such armed
forces.
(2) Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps,
including those of organized resistance movements, belonging to a
Party to the conflict and operating in or outside their own
territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided that such
militias or volunteer corps, including such organized resistance
movements, fulfil the following conditions:
(a) that of being commanded by a person responsible for his
subordinates;
(b)that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a
distance;
(c) that of carrying arms openly;
(d)that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws
and customs of war.
(3) Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a
Government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power.
(4) Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members
thereof, such as civil members of military aircraft crews, war
correspondents, supply contractors, members of labour units or of
services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided
that they have received authorization from the armed forces which
they accompany.
(5) Members of crews, including masters, pilots and apprentices, of the
merchant marine and the crews of civil aircraft of the Parties to the
conflict, who do not benefit by more favourable treatment under any
other provisions in international law.
(6) Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the
enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces,
without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units,
provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of
war.

Art. 14. Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the wounded and sick of a
belligerent who fall into enemy hands shall be prisoners of war, and the
provisions of international law concerning prisoners of war shall apply to
them.

Art. 15. At all times, and particularly after an engagement, Parties to the
conflict shall, without delay, take all possible measures to search for and
collect the wounded and sick, to protect them against pillage and
ill-treatment, to ensure their adequate care, and to search for the dead
and prevent their being despoiled.

Whenever circumstances permit, an armistice or a suspension of fire shall
be arranged, or local arrangements made, to permit the removal, exchange
and transport of the wounded left on the battlefield.

Likewise, local arrangements may be concluded between Parties to the
conflict for the removal or exchange of wounded and sick from a besieged or
encircled area, and for the passage of medical and religious personnel and
equipment on their way to that area.

Art. 16. Parties to the conflict shall record as soon as possible, in
respect of each wounded, sick or dead person of the adverse Party falling
into their hands, any particulars which may assist in his identification.
These records should if possible include:
(a) designation of the Power on which he depends;
(b) army, regimental, personal or serial number;
(c) surname;
(d) first name or names;
(e) date of birth;
(f) any other particulars shown on his identity card or disc;
(g) date and place of capture or death;
(h) particulars concerning wounds or illness, or cause of death.

As soon as possible the above mentioned information shall be forwarded to
the Information Bureau described in Article 122 of the Geneva Convention
relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949, which
shall transmit this information to the Power on which these persons depend
through the intermediary of the Protecting Power and of the Central
Prisoners of War Agency.

Parties to the conflict shall prepare and forward to each other through the
same bureau, certificates of death or duly authenticated lists of the dead.
They shall likewise collect and forward through the same bureau one half of
a double identity disc, last wills or other documents of importance to the
next of kin, money and in general all articles of an intrinsic or
sentimental value, which are found on the dead. These articles, together
with unidentified articles, shall be sent in sealed packets, accompanied by
statements giving all particulars necessary for the identification of the
deceased owners, as well as by a complete list of the contents of the
parcel.

Art. 17. Parties to the conflict shall ensure that burial or cremation of
the dead, carried out individually as far as circumstances permit, is
preceded by a careful examination, if possible by a medical examination, of
the bodies, with a view to confirming death, establishing identity and
enabling a report to be made. One half of the double identity disc, or the
identity disc itself if it is a single disc, should remain on the body.

Bodies shall not be cremated except for imperative reasons of hygiene or
for motives based on the religion of the deceased. In case of cremation,
the circumstances and reasons for cremation shall be stated in detail in
the death certificate or on the authenticated list of the dead.

They shall further ensure that the dead are honourably interred, if
possible according to the rites of the religion to which they belonged,
that their graves are respected, grouped if possible according to the
nationality of the deceased, properly maintained and marked so that they
may always be found. For this purpose, they shall organize at the
commencement of hostilities an Official Graves Registration Service, to
allow subsequent exhumations and to ensure the identification of bodies,
whatever the site of the graves, and the possible transportation to the
home country. These provisions shall likewise apply to the ashes, which
shall be kept by the Graves Registration Service until proper disposal
thereof in accordance with the wishes of the home country.

As soon as circumstances permit, and at latest at the end of hostilities,
these Services shall exchange, through the Information Bureau mentioned in
the second paragraph of Article 16, lists showing the exact location and
markings of the graves, together with particulars of the dead interred
therein.

Art. 18. The military authorities may appeal to the charity of the
inhabitants voluntarily to collect and care for, under their direction, the
wounded and sick, granting persons who have responded to this appeal the
necessary protection and facilities. Should the adverse Party take or
retake control of the area, he shall likewise grant these persons the same
protection and the same facilities.

The military authorities shall permit the inhabitants and relief societies,
even in invaded or occupied areas, spontaneously to collect and care for
wounded or sick of whatever nationality. The civilian population shall
respect these wounded and sick, and in particular abstain from offering
them violence.

No one may ever be molested or convicted for having nursed the wounded or
sick.

The provisions of the present Article do not relieve the occupying Power of
its obligation to give both physical and moral care to the wounded and
sick.

CHAPTER III

Medical Units and Establishments

Art. 19. Fixed establishments and mobile medical units of the Medical
Service may in no circumstances be attacked, but shall at all times be
respected and protected by the Parties to the conflict. Should they fall
into the hands of the adverse Party, their personnel shall be free to
pursue their duties, as long as the capturing Power has not itself ensured
the necessary care of the wounded and sick found in such establishments and
units.

The responsible authorities shall ensure that the said medical
establishments and units are, as far as possible, situated in such a manner
that attacks against military objectives cannot imperil their safety.

Art. 20. Hospital ships entitled to the protection of the Geneva Convention
for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked
Members of Armed Forces at Sea of 12 August 1949, shall not be attacked
from the land.

Art. 21. The protection to which fixed establishments and mobile medical
units of the Medical Service are entitled shall not cease unless they are
used to commit, outside their humanitarian duties, acts harmful to the
enemy. Protection may, however, cease only after a due warning has been
given, naming, in all appropriate cases, a reasonable time limit, and after
such warning has remained unheeded.

Art. 22. The following conditions shall not be considered as depriving a
medical unit or establishment of the protection guaranteed by Article 19:

(1) That the personnel of the unit or establishment are armed, and that
they use the arms in their own defence, or in that of the wounded and
sick in their charge.
(2) That in the absence of armed orderlies, the unit or establishment is
protected by a picket or by sentries or by an escort.
(3) That small arms and ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and
not yet handed to the proper service, are found in the unit or
establishment.
(4) That personnel and material of the veterinary service are found in
the unit or establishment, without forming an integral part thereof.
(5) That the humanitarian activities of medical units and establishments
or of their personnel extend to the care of civilian wounded or sick.

Art. 23. In time of peace, the High Contracting Parties and, after the
outbreak of hostilities, the Parties thereto, may establish in their own
territory and, if the need arises, in occupied areas, hospital zones and
localities so organized as to protect the wounded and sick from the effects
of war, as well as the personnel entrusted with the organization and
administration of these zones and localities and with the care of the
persons therein assembled.

Upon the outbreak and during the course of hostilities, the Parties
concerned may conclude agreements on mutual recognition of the hospital
zones and localities they have created. They may for this purpose implement
the provisions of the Draft Agreement annexed to the present Convention,
with such amendments as they may consider necessary.

The Protecting Powers and the International Committee of the Red Cross are
invited to lend their good offices in order to facilitate the institution
and recognition of these hospital zones and localities.

CHAPTER IV

Personnel

Art. 24. Medical personnel exclusively engaged in the search for, or the
collection, transport or treatment of the wounded or sick, or in the
prevention of disease, staff exclusively engaged in the administration of
medical units and establishments, as well as chaplains attached to the
armed forces, shall be respected and protected in all circumstances.

Art. 25. Members of the armed forces specially trained for employment,
should the need arise, as hospital orderlies, nurses or auxiliary
stretcher-bearers, in the search for or the collection, transport or
treatment of the wounded and sick shall likewise be respected and protected
if they are carrying out these duties at the time when they come into
contact with the enemy or fall into his hands.

Art. 26. The staff of National Red Cross Societies and that of other
Voluntary Aid Societies, duly recognized and authorized by their
Governments, who may be employed on the same duties as the personnel named
in Article 24, are placed on the same footing as the personnel named in the
said Article, provided that the staff of such societies are subject to
military laws and regulations.

Each High Contracting Party shall notify to the other, either in time of
peace or at the commencement of or during hostilities, but in any case
before actually employing them, the names of the societies which it has
authorized, under its responsibility, to render assistance to the regular
medical service of its armed forces.

Art. 27. A recognized Society of a neutral country can only lend the
assistance of its medical personnel and units to a Party to the conflict
with the previous consent of its own Government and the authorization of
the Party to the conflict concerned. That personnel and those units shall
be placed under the control of that Party to the conflict.

The neutral Government shall notify this consent to the adversary of the
State which accepts such assistance. The Party to the conflict who accepts
such assistance is bound to notify the adverse Party thereof before making
any use of it.

In no circumstances shall this assistance be considered as interference in
the conflict.

The members of the personnel named in the first paragraph shall be duly
furnished with the identity cards provided for in Article 40 before leaving
the neutral country to which they belong.

Art. 28. Personnel designated in Articles 24 and 26 who fall into the hands
of the adverse Party, shall be retained only in so far as the state of
health, the spiritual needs and the number of prisoners of war require.

Personnel thus retained shall not be deemed prisoners of war. Nevertheless
they shall at least benefit by all the provisions of the Geneva Convention
relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949. Within the
framework of the military laws and regulations of the Detaining Power, and
under the authority of its competent service, they shall continue to carry
out, in accordance with their professional ethics, their medical and
spiritual duties on behalf of prisoners of war, preferably those of the
armed forces to which they themselves belong. They shall further enjoy the
following facilities for carrying out their medical or spiritual duties:
(a) They shall be authorized to visit periodically the prisoners of war
in labour units or hospitals outside the camp. The Detaining Power
shall put at their disposal the means of transport required.
(b) In each camp the senior medical officer of the highest rank shall be
responsible to the military authorities of the camp for the
professional activity of the retained medical personnel. For this
purpose, from the outbreak of hostilities, the Parties to the
conflict shall agree regarding the corresponding seniority of the
ranks of their medical personnel, including those of the societies
designated in Article 26. In all questions arising out of their
duties, this medical officer, and the chaplains, shall have direct
access to the military and medical authorities of the camp who shall
grant them the facilities they may require for correspondence
relating to these questions.
(c) Although retained personnel in a camp shall be subject to its
internal discipline, they shall not, however, be required to perform
any work outside their medical or religious duties.

During hostilities the Parties to the conflict shall make arrangements for
relieving where possible retained personnel, and shall settle the procedure
of such relief.

None of the preceding provisions shall relieve the Detaining Power of the
obligations imposed upon it with regard to the medical and spiritual
welfare of the prisoners of war.

Art. 29. Members of the personnel designated in Article 25 who have fallen
into the hands of the enemy, shall be prisoners of war, but shall be
employed on their medical duties in so far as the need arises.

Art. 30. Personnel whose retention is not indispensable by virtue of the
provisions of Article 28 shall be returned to the Party to the conflict to
whom they belong, as soon as a road is open for their return and military
requirements permit.

Pending their return, they shall not be deemed prisoners of war.
Nevertheless they shall at least benefit by all the provisions of the
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12
August 1949. They shall continue to fulfil their duties under the orders of
the adverse Party and shall preferably be engaged in the care of the
wounded and sick of the Party to the conflict to which they themselves
belong.

On their departure, they shall take with them the effects, personal
belongings, valuables and instruments belonging to them.

Art. 31. The selection of personnel for return under Article 30 shall be
made irrespective of any consideration of race, religion or political
opinion, but preferably according to the chronological order of their
capture and their state of health.

As from the outbreak of hostilities, Parties to the conflict may determine
by special agreement the percentage of personnel to be retained, in
proportion to the number of prisoners and the distribution of the said
personnel in the camps.

Art. 32. Persons designated in Article 27 who have fallen into the hands of
the adverse Party may not be detained.

Unless otherwise agreed, they shall have permission to return to their
country, or if this is not possible, to the territory of the Party to the
conflict in whose service they were, as soon as a route for their return is
open and military considerations permit.

Pending their release, they shall continue their work under the direction
of the adverse Party; they shall preferably be engaged in the care of the
wounded and sick of the Party to the conflict in whose service they were.
On their departure, they shall take with them their effects personal
articles and valuables and the instruments, arms and if possible the means
of transport belonging to them.

The Parties to the conflict shall secure to this personnel, while in their
power, the same food, lodging, allowances and pay as are granted to the
corresponding personnel of their armed forces. The food shall in any case
be sufficient as regards quantity, quality and variety to keep the said
personnel in a normal state of health.

CHAPTER V

Buildings and Material

Art. 33. The material of mobile medical units of the armed forces which
fall into the hands of the enemy, shall be reserved for the care of wounded
and sick.

The buildings, material and stores of fixed medical establishments of the
armed forces shall remain subject to the laws of war, but may not be
diverted from that purpose as long as they are required for the care of
wounded and sick. Nevertheless, the commanders of forces in the field may
make use of them, in case of urgent military necessity, provided that they
make previous arrangements for the welfare of the wounded and sick who are
nursed in them.

The material and stores defined in the present Article shall not be
intentionally destroyed.

Art. 34. The real and personal property of aid societies which are admitted
to the privileges of the Convention shall be regarded as private property.

The right of requisition recognized for belligerents by the laws and
customs of war shall not be exercised except in case of urgent necessity,
and only after the welfare of the wounded and sick has been ensured.

CHAPTER VI

Medical Transports

Art. 35. Transports of wounded and sick or of medical equipment shall be
respected and protected in the same way as mobile medical units.

Should such transports or vehicles fall into the hands of the adverse
Party, they shall be subject to the laws of war, on condition that the
Party to the conflict who captures them shall in all cases ensure the care
of the wounded and sick they contain.

The civilian personnel and all means of transport obtained by requisition
shall be subject to the general rules of international law.

Art. 36. Medical aircraft, that is to say, aircraft exclusively employed
for the removal of wounded and sick and for the transport of medical
personnel and equipment, shall not be attacked, but shall be respected by
the belligerents, while flying at heights, times and on routes specifically
agreed upon between the belligerents concerned.

They shall bear, clearly marked, the distinctive emblem prescribed in
Article 38, together with their national colours on their lower, upper and
lateral surfaces. They shall be provided with any other markings or means
of identification that may be agreed upon between the belligerents upon the
outbreak or during the course of hostilities.

Unless agreed otherwise, flights over enemy or enemy-occupied territory are
prohibited.

Medical aircraft shall obey every summons to land. In the event of a
landing thus imposed, the aircraft with its occupants may continue its
flight after examination, if any.

In the event of an involuntary landing in enemy or enemy-occupied
territory, the wounded and sick, as well as the crew of the aircraft shall
be prisoners of war. The medical personnel shall be treated according to
Article 24 and the Articles following.

Art. 37. Subject to the provisions of the second paragraph, medical
aircraft of Parties to the conflict may fly over the territory of neutral
Powers, land on it in case of necessity, or use it as a port of call. They
shall give the neutral Powers previous notice of their passage over the
said territory and obey all summons to alight, on land or water. They will
be immune from attack only when flying on routes, at heights and at times
specifically agreed upon between the Parties to the conflict and the
neutral Power concerned.

The neutral Powers may, however, place conditions or restrictions on the
passage or landing of medical aircraft on their territory. Such possible
conditions or restrictions shall be applied equally to all Parties to the
conflict.

Unless agreed otherwise between the neutral Power and the Parties to the
conflict, the wounded and sick who are disembarked, with the consent of the
local authorities, on neutral territory by medical aircraft, shall be
detained by the neutral Power, where so required by international law, in
such a manner that they cannot again take part in operations of war. The
cost of their accommodation and internment shall be borne by the Power on
which they depend.

CHAPTER VII

The Distinctive Emblem

Art. 38. As a compliment to Switzerland, the heraldic emblem of the red
cross on a white ground, formed by reversing the Federal colours, is
retained as the emblem and distinctive sign of the Medical Service of armed
forces.

Nevertheless, in the case of countries which already use as emblem, in
place of the red cross, the red crescent or the red lion and sun on a white
ground, those emblems are also recognized by the terms of the present
Convention.

Art. 39. Under the direction of the competent military authority, the
emblem shall be displayed on the flags, armlets and on all equipment
employed in the Medical Service.

Art. 40. The personnel designated in Article 24 and in Articles 26 and 27
shall wear, affixed to the left arm, a water-resistant armlet bearing the
distinctive emblem, issued and stamped by the military authority.

Such personnel, in addition to wearing the identity disc mentioned in
Article 16, shall also carry a special identity card bearing the
distinctive emblem. This card shall be water-resistant and of such size
that it can be carried in the pocket. It shall be worded in the national
language, and shall mention at least the surname and first names, the date
of birth, the rank and the service number of the bearer, and shall state in
what capacity he is entitled to the protection of the present Convention.
The card shall bear the photograph of the owner and also either his
signature or his finger-prints or both. It shall be embossed with the stamp
of the military authority.

The identity card shall be uniform throughout the same armed forces and, as
far as possible, of a similar type in the armed forces of the High
Contracting Parties. The Parties to the conflict may be guided by the model
which is annexed, by way of example, to the present Convention. They shall
inform each other, at the outbreak of hostilities, of the model they are
using. Identity cards should be made out, if possible, at least in
duplicate, one copy being kept by the home country.

In no circumstances may the said personnel be deprived of their insignia or
identity cards nor of the right to wear the armlet. In case of loss, they
shall be entitled to receive duplicates of the cards and to have the
insignia replaced.

Art. 41. The personnel designated in Article 25 shall wear, but only while
carrying out medical duties, a white armlet bearing in its centre the
distinctive sign in miniature; the armlet shall be issued and stamped by
the military authority.

Military identity documents to be carried by this type of personnel shall
specify what special training they have received, the temporary character
of the duties they are engaged upon, and their authority for wearing the
armlet.

Art. 42. The distinctive flag of the Convention shall be hoisted only over
such medical units and establishments as are entitled to be respected under
the Convention, and only with the consent of the military authorities.
In mobile units, as in fixed establishments, it may be accompanied by the
national flag of the Party to the conflict to which the unit or
establishment belongs.

Nevertheless, medical units which have fallen into the hands of the enemy
shall not fly any flag other than that of the Convention. Parties to the
conflict shall take the necessary steps, in so far as military
considerations permit, to make the distinctive emblems indicating medical
units and establishments clearly visible to the enemy land, air or naval
forces, in order to obviate the possibility of any hostile action.

Art. 43. The medical units belonging to neutral countries, which may have
been authorized to lend their services to a belligerent under the
conditions laid down in Article 27, shall fly, along with the flag of the
Convention, the national flag of that belligerent, wherever the latter
makes use of the faculty conferred on him by Article 42.

Subject to orders to the contrary by the responsible military authorities,
they may on all occasions fly their national flag, even if they fall into
the hands of the adverse Party.

Art. 44. With the exception of the cases mentioned in the following
paragraphs of the present Article, the emblem of the red cross on a white
ground and the words ” Red Cross” or ” Geneva Cross ” may not be employed,
either in time of peace or in time of war, except to indicate or to protect
the medical units and establishments, the personnel and material protected
by the present Convention and other Conventions dealing with similar
matters. The same shall apply to the emblems mentioned in Article 38,
second paragraph, in respect of the countries which use them. The National
Red Cross Societies and other societies designated in Article 26 shall have
the right to use the distinctive emblem conferring the protection of the
Convention only within the framework of the present paragraph.

Furthermore, National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) Societies
may, in time of peace, in accordance with their rational legislation, make
use of the name and emblem of the Red Cross for their other activities
which are in conformity with the principles laid down by the International
Red Cross Conferences. When those activities are carried out in time of
war, the conditions for the use of the emblem shall be such that it cannot
be considered as conferring the protection of the Convention; the emblem
shall be comparatively small in size and may not be placed on armlets or on
the roofs of buildings.

The international Red Cross organizations and their duly authorized
personnel shall be permitted to make use, at all times, of the emblem of
the red cross on a white ground.

As an exceptional measure, in conformity with national legislation and with
the express permission of one of the National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red
Lion and Sun) Societies, the emblem of the Convention may be employed in
time of peace to identify vehicles used as ambulances and to mark the
position of aid stations exclusively assigned to the purpose of giving free
treatment to the wounded or sick.

CHAPTER VIII

Execution of the Convention

Art. 45. Each Party to the conflict, acting through its
Commanders-in-Chief, shall ensure the detailed execution of the preceding
Articles, and provide for unforeseen cases, in conformity with the general
principles of the present Convention.

Art. 46. Reprisals against the wounded, sick, personnel, buildings or
equipment protected by the Convention are prohibited.

Art. 47. The High Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in
time of war, to disseminate the text of the present Convention as widely as
possible in their respective countries, and, in particular, to include the
study thereof in their programmes of military and, if possible, civil
instruction, so that the principles thereof may become known to the entire
population, in particular to the armed fighting forces, the medical
personnel and the chaplains.

Art. 48. The High Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another
through the Swiss Federal Council and, during hostilities, through the
Protecting Powers, the official translations of the present Convention, as
well as the laws and regulations which they may adopt to ensure the
application thereof.

CHAPTER IX

Repression of Abuses and Infractions

Art. 49. The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation
necessary to provide effective penal sanctions for persons committing, or
ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of the present
Convention defined in the following Article.

Each High Contracting Party shall be under the obligation to search for
persons alleged to have committed, or to have ordered to be committed, such
grave breaches, arid shall bring such persons, regardless of their
nationality, before its own courts. It may also, if it prefers, and in
accordance with the provisions of its own legislation, hand such persons
over for trial to another High Contracting Party concerned, provided such
High Contracting Party has made out a prima facie case.

Each High Contracting Party shall take measures necessary for the
suppression of all acts contrary to the provisions of the present
Convention other than the grave breaches defined in the following Article.

In all circumstances, the accused persons shall benefit by safeguards of
proper trial and defence, which shall not be less favourable than those
provided by Article 105 and those following, of the Geneva Convention
relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949.

Art. 50. Grave breaches to which the preceding Article relates shall be
those involving any of the following acts, if committed against persons or
property protected by the Convention: wilful killing, torture or inhuman
treatment, including biological experiments, wilfully causing great
suffering or serious injury to body or health, and extensive destruction
and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and
carried out unlawfully and wantonly.

Art. 51. No High Contracting Party shall be allowed to absolve itself or
any other High Contracting Party of any liability incurred by itself or by
another High Contracting Party in respect of breaches referred to in the
preceding Article.

Art. 52. At the request of a Party to the conflict, an enquiry shall be
instituted, in a manner to be decided between the interested Parties,
concerning any alleged violation of the Convention.

If agreement has not been reached concerning the procedure for the enquiry,
the Parties should agree on the choice of an umpire who will decide upon
the procedure to be followed.

Once the violation has been established, the Parties to the conflict shall
put an end to it and shall repress it with the least possible delay.

Art. 53. The use by individuals, societies, firms or companies either
public or private, other than those entitled thereto under the present
Convention, of the emblem or the designation ” Red Cross ” or ” Geneva
Cross ” or any sign or designation constituting an imitation thereof,
whatever the object of such use, and irrespective of the date of its
adoption, shall be prohibited at all times.

By reason of the tribute paid to Switzerland by the adoption of the
reversed Federal colours, and of the confusion which may arise between the
arms of Switzerland and the distinctive emblem of the Convention, the use
by private individuals, societies or firms, of the arms of the Swiss
Confederation, or of marks constituting an imitation thereof, whether as
trademarks or commercial marks, or as parts of such marks, or for a purpose
contrary to commercial honesty, or in circumstances capable of wounding
Swiss national sentiment, shall be prohibited at all times.

Nevertheless, such High Contracting Parties as were not party to the Geneva
Convention of 27 July 1929, may grant to prior users of the emblems,
designations, signs or marks designated in the first paragraph, a time
limit not to exceed three years from the coming into force of the present
Convention to discontinue such use provided that the said use shall not be
such as would appear, in time of war, to confer the protection of the
Convention.

The prohibition laid down in the first paragraph of the present Article
shall also apply, without effect on any rights acquired through prior use,
to the emblems and marks mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 38.

Art. 54. The High Contracting Parties shall, if their legislation is not
already adequate, take measures necessary for the prevention and
repression, at all times, of the abuses referred to under Article 53

FINAL PROVISIONS

Art. 55. The present Convention is established in English and in French.
Both texts are equally authentic.

The Swiss Federal Council shall arrange for official translations of the
Convention to be made in the Russian and Spanish languages.

Art. 56. The present Convention, which bears the date of this day, is open
to signature until 12 February 1950, in the name of the Powers represented
at the Conference which opened at Geneva on 21 April 1949; furthermore, by
Powers not represented at that Conference but which are Parties to the
Geneva Conventions of 1864, 1906 or 1929 for the Relief of the Wounded and
Sick in Armies in the Field.

Art. 57. The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible and
the ratifications shall be deposited at Berne.
A record shall be drawn up of the deposit of each instrument of
ratification and certified copies of this record shall be transmitted by
the Swiss Federal Council to all the Powers in whose name the Convention
has been signed, or whose accession has been notified.

Art. 58. The present Convention shall come into force six months after not
less than two instruments of ratification have been deposited.

Thereafter, it shall come into force for each High Contracting Party six
months after the deposit of the instrument of ratification.

Art. 59. The present Convention replaces the Conventions of 22 August 1864,
6 July 1906, and 27 July 1929, in relations between the High Contracting
Parties.

Art. 60. From the date of its coming into force, it shall be open to any
Power in whose name the present Convention has not been signed, to accede
to this Convention.

Art. 61. Accessions shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal
Council, and shall take effect six months after the date on which they are
received.

The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate the accessions to all the
Powers in whose name the Convention has been signed, or whose accession has
been notified.

Art. 62. The situations provided for in Articles 2 and 3 shall give
immediate effect to ratifications deposited and accessions notified by the
Parties to the conflict before or after the beginning of hostilities or
occupation. The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate by the quickest
method any ratifications or accessions received from Parties to the
conflict.

Art. 63. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to
denounce the present Convention.

The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council,
which shall transmit it to the Governments of all the High Contracting
Parties.

The denunciation shall take effect one year after the notification thereof
has been made to the Swiss Federal Council. However, a denunciation of
which notification has been made at a time when the denouncing Power is
involved in a conflict shall not take effect until peace has been
concluded, and until after operations connected with release and
repatriation of the persons protected by the present Convention have been
terminated.

The denunciation shall have effect only in respect of the denouncing Power.
It shall in no way impair the obligations which the Parties to the conflict
shall remain bound to fulfil by virtue of the principles of the law of
nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized
peoples, from the laws of humanity and the dictates of the public
conscience.

Art. 64. The Swiss Federal Council shall register the present Convention
with the Secretariat of the United Nations. The Swiss Federal Council shall
also inform the Secretariat of the United Nations of all ratifications,
accessions and denunciations received by it with respect to the present
Convention.

In witness whereof the undersigned, having deposited their respective full
powers, have signed the present Convention.

Done at Geneva this twelfth day of August 1949, in the English and French
languages. The original shall be deposited in the archives of the Swiss
Confederation. The Swiss Federal Council shall transmit certified copies
thereof to each of the Signatory and Acceding States.

(Here follow signatures)

ANNEX I

Draft Agreement Relating to Hospital Zones and Localities

Article 1. Hospital zones shall be strictly observed for the persons named
in Article 23 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the
Condition of the Wounded and Sick in the Armed Forces in the Field of 12
August 1949, and for the personnel entrusted with the organization and
administration of these zones and localities, and with the care of the
persons therein assembled.

Nevertheless, persons whose permanent residence is within such zones shall
have the right to stay there.

Art. 2. No persons residing, in whatever capacity, in a hospital zone
shall perform any work, either within or without the zone, directly
connected with military operations or the production of war material.

Art. 3. The Power establishing a hospital zone shall take all necessary
measures to prohibit access to all persons who have no right of residence
or entry therein.

Art. 4. Hospital zones shall fulfil the following conditions:
(a) They shall comprise only a small part of the territory governed by
the Power which has established them.
(b) They shall be thinly populated in relation to the possibilities of
accommodation.
(c) They shall be far removed and free from all military objectives, or
large industrial or administrative establishments.
(d) They shall not be situated in areas which, according to every
probability, may become important for the conduct of the war.

Art. 5. Hospital zones shall be subject to the following obligations:
(a) The lines of communication and means of transport which they possess
shall not be used for the transport of military personnel or
material, even in transit.
(b) They shall in no case be defended by military means.

Art. 6. Hospital zones shall be marked by means of red crosses (red
crescents, red lions and suns) on a white background placed on the outer
precincts and on the buildings. They may be similarly marked at night by
means of appropriate illumination.

Art. 7. The Powers shall communicate to all High Contracting Parties in
peacetime or on the outbreak of hostilities, a list of the hospital zones
in the territories governed by them. They shall also give notice of any new
zones set up during hostilities.

As soon as the adverse Party has receive the above-mentioned notification,
the zone shall be regularly constituted.

If, however, the adverse Party considers that the conditions of the present
agreement have not been fulfilled, it may refuse to recognize the zone by
giving immediate notice thereof to the Party responsible for the said Zone,
or may make its recognition of such zone dependent upon the institution of
the control provided for in Article 8.

Art. 8. Any Power having recognized one of several hospital zones
instituted by the adverse Party shall be entitled to demand control by one
or more Special Commissioners, for the purpose of ascertaining if the zones
fulfil the conditions and obligations stipulated in the present agreement.

For this purpose, the members of the Special Commissions shall at all times
have free access to the various zones and may even reside there
permanently. They shall be given all facilities for their duties of
inspection.

Art. 9. Should the Special Commissions note any facts which they consider
contrary to the stipulations of the present agreement, they shall at once
draw the attention of the Power governing the said zone to these facts, and
shall fix a time limit of five days within which the matter should be
rectified. They shall duly notify the Power who has recognized the zone.

If, when the time limit has expired, the Power governing the zone has not
complied with the warning, the adverse Party may declare that it is no
longer bound by the present agreement in respect of the said zone.

Art. 10. Any Power setting up one or more hospital zones and localities,
and the adverse Parties to whom their existence has been notified, shall
nominate or have nominated by neutral Powers, the persons who shall be
members of the Special Commissions mentioned in Articles 8 and 9,

Art. 11. In no circumstances may hospital zones be the object of attack.
They shall be protected and respected at all times by the Parties to the
conflict.

Art. 12. In the case of occupation of a territory, the hospital zones
therein shall continue to be respected and utilized as such.

Their purpose may, however, be modified by the Occupying Power, on
condition that all measures are taken to ensure the safety of the persons
accomodated.

Art. 13. The present agreement shall also apply to localities which the
Powers may utilize for the same purposes as hospital zones.