Determinate Sentencing in the United States

Determinate Sentencing in the Criminal Justice System

This section covers the topics below related with Determinate Sentencing :

Courts

Sentencing and Sanctions

Resources

See Also

• Courts
• Sentencing and Sanctions

Resources

Further Reading

Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Federal Judicial Center, Barbara S. Vincent &
Paul J. Hofer, The Consequences of Mandatory Minimum Prison Terms: A Summary of Recent Findings (1994).
American Bar Association, Justice Kennedy Commission, Report with Recommendations to the ABA House of
Delegates, 9 (Aug. 2004).
American Civil Liberties Union, Kimberly Humphrey, Criminal Codes Gone Wild, (Oct. 20, 2010).
Bacon, Stephen L., A Distinction without a Difference: “Receipt” and “Possession” of Child
Pornography and the Double Jeopardy Problem, 65 U. Miami L. Rev. 1027 (Spring 2011).
Banner, Stuart, The Death Penalty: An American History (Harvard University Press, 2002).
Barkow, Rachel E., Federalism and Criminal Law: What the Feds can learn from the States, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 519 (2011).
Bibas, Stephanos, Plea-Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 2464 (2004).
Bolles, Albert Sidney, A Financial History of the United States, 1861 to 1885 (1886).
Bowman, Frank O., III, Debacle: How the Supreme Court Has Mangled American Sentencing Law and How It Might Yet Be Mended, 77 U. Chi. L. Rev. 367 (2010).
Bjerk, David, Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion Under Mandatory Minimum Sentencing, 48 J. Law & Econ. 591 (Oct. 2005).
Brennan Center for Justice, Racial Disparities in Federal Prosecutions (2010).
Cassell, Paul G., Too Severe?: A Defense of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (and a Critique of Federal Mandatory Minimums), 56 Stan. L. Rev. 1017 (2004).
Cassell, Paul G., & Erik Luna, Mandatory Minimalism, 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 1 (2010).
Cato Institute, Erik Luna, Misguided Guidelines: A Critique of Federal Sentencing, Pol’y Analysis No. 458 (Nov. 1, 2002).
The Constitution Project, Principles for Design and Reform of Sentencing Systems: A Background Report 27 (May 13, 2010).
The Constitution Project, Sentencing Initiative, Recommendations for Federal Criminal Sentencing in a PostBooker
World, 18 Fed. Sent’g Rep. 310 (2006).
Davis, Angela, The American Prosecutor: Independence, Power, and the Threat of Tyranny, 86 Iowa L. Rev. 393 (2001).
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Dolling, Dieter, Horst Entorf, Dieter Herman, & Thomas Rupp, Is Deterrence Effective? Results of a Meta-Analysis of Punishment, 15 Eur. J. Crim. Pol’y Res. 201 (2009).
Doob, Anthony N., & Cheryl Marie White, Sentence Severity and Crime: Accepting the Null Hypothesis, 30 Crime & Just: Rev. Res. 143 (2003).
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Ehrlich, Susan A., The Increased Federalization of Crime, 32 Ariz. St. L. J. 825 (2000).
Ervin, Sam J., III, The Federalization of State Crimes: Some Observations and Reflections, 98 W. Va. L. Rev. 761 (1996).
Families Against Mandatory Minimums, Molly M. Gill, Correcting Course: Lessons from the 1970 Repeal of Mandatory Minimums (2008).
The Federalist Society, William R. Maurer and David Malmstrom, The Explosion of the Criminal Law and Its Cost to Individuals, Economic Opportunity, and Society (2010).
Frankel, Marvin E., Lawlessness in Sentencing, 41 Cinn. L. Rev. 1 (1972).
Friedman, Lawrence M., Crime and Punishment in American History (BasicBooks, 1993).
Gertner, Nancy, From Omnipotence to Impotence: American Judges and Sentencing, 4Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 523 (2007).
Grasmick, Harold G., & George J. Bryjak, The Deterrent Effect of Perceived Severity of Punishment, 59 Soc. F. 471 (1980).
Hatch, Senator Orrin G., The Role of Congress in Sentencing: The United States Sentencing Commission, Mandatory Minimum Sentences, and the Search for a Certain and Effective Sentencing System, 28 Wake Forest L. Rev. 185 (1993).
Heller, Robert, Selective Prosecution and the Federalization of Criminal Law: The Need for Meaningful Judicial Review of Prosecutorial Discretion, 145 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1309 (1997).
Henderson, Dwight F., Congress, Courts, and Criminals: The Development of Federal Criminal Law (Greenwood Press, 1985).
Henderson, Dwight F., Treason, Sedition and Fries’ Rebellion, 14 Am. J. Legal Hist. 308 (1970).
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The Heritage Foundation, John S. Baker, Jr., Revisiting the Explosive Growth of Federal Crimes, Heritage
Foundation Memo No. 26 (June 16, 2008).
The Heritage Foundation and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, Without Intent: How Congress is Eroding the Criminal Intent Requirement in the Federal Law (Apr. 2010).
Hofer, Paul, Federal Sentencing for Violent and Drug Trafficking Crimes Involving Firearms: Recent Changes and Prospects for Improvement, 37 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 41 (2000).
Jefferies, John C., Jr., & John Gleeson, The Federalization of Organized Crime: Advantages of Federal Prosecution, 46 Hastings L.J. 1095 (1995).
Jenkins, David, The Sedition Act of 1798 and the Incorporation of Seditious Libel into First Amendment Jurisprudence, 45 Am. J. Legal Hist. 154 (2001).
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Justice Policy Institute, A Capitol Concern: The Disproportionate Impact of the Justice System on Low-Income Communities in D.C. (July 2010).
Justice Policy Institute, The Vortex: The Concentrated Racial Impact of Drug Imprisonment and the Characteristics of Punitive Counties (2007).
Justice Policy Institute, Vincent Schiraldi & Jason Ziedenberg, Race and Incarceration in Maryland (2003).
Kamalu, Ngozi Caleb, Margery Coulson-Clark, & Nkechi Margaret Kamalu, Racial Disparities in Sentencing: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the African American Community, 4 Afr. J. of Criminology & Just. Stud. 1 (2010).
Kearney, Kevin M., Comment, Private Citizens in Foreign Affairs: A Constitutional Analysis, 36 Emory L. J. 285 (1987).
Kennedy, Justice Anthony M., Speech at the American Bar Association Annual Meeting (Aug. 9, 2003).
Kleck, Gary, Brion Sever, Spencer Li, & Marc Gertz, The Missing Link in General Deterrence Research, 43 Criminology 623 (2005).
Leahy, Sen. Patrick J., Letter to William K. Sessions, Chair, U.S. Sentencing Commission (Aug. 30, 2010).
Levine, Andrew M., The Confounding Boundaries of “Apprendi-Land”: Statutory Minimums and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, 29 Am. J. Crim. L. 377 (2002).
Lewis, Donald E., The General Deterrent Effect of Longer Sentences, 26 Brit. J. Criminology 47 (1986).
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Little, Rory K., Myths and Principles of Federalization, 46 Hastings L.J. 1029 (1995).
Little, Rory K., The Federal Death Penalty: History and Some Thoughts About the Department of Justice’s Role, 26 Fordham Urb. L.J. 347 (1999).
Lowenthal, Gary T., Mandatory Sentencing Laws: Undermining the Effectiveness of Determinate Sentencing Reform, 81 Calif. L. Rev. 61 (1993).
Lynch, Gerard E., Sentencing Eddie, 91 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 547 (2001).
Martin, John S., Jr., Why Mandatory Minimums Make No Sense, 18 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol’y 311 (2004).
McDowell, David, Colin Loftin, & Brian Wiersema, A Comparative Study of the Preventative Effects of Mandatory Sentencing Laws for Gun Crimes, 83 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 378 (1992).
Mendes, Silvia M., Certainty, Severity, and Their Relative Deterrent Effects: Questioning the Implications of the Role of Criminal Deterrence Policy, 32 Pol. Stud. J. 59 (2004).
Mueller, Robert S., III, Mandatory Minimum Sentencing, 4 Fed. Sent’g Rep. 230 (1992).
Mustard, David B., Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts, 44 J. L. & Econ. 285 (2001).
Nagel, Ilene H., & Stephen J. Schulhofer, A Tale of Three Cities: An Empirical Study of Charging and Bargaining Practices Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, 66 S. Cal. L. Rev.
501 (1992).
Nobiling, Tracy, Cassia Spohn, & Miriam DeLone, A Tale of Two Counties: Unemployment and Sentence Severity, 15 Just. Q. 459 (1998).
O’Connor, R. Daniel, Defining the Strike Zone – An Analysis of the Classification of Prior Convictions Under the Federal “Three-Strikes and You’re Out” Scheme, 36 B.C. L. Rev. 847
(1995).
O’Hear, Michael M., National Uniformity/Local Uniformity: Reconsidering the Use of Departures to Reduce Federal-State Sentencing Disparities, 87 Iowa L. Rev. 721 (2002).
O’Hear, Michael M., Statutory Interpretation and Direct Democracy, Lessons from the Drug Treatment Initiatives, 40 Harv. J. Legis. 281 (Summer 2003).
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Office of Hawaiian Affairs, The Disparate Treatment of Native Hawaiians in the Criminal Justice System (2010).
Paternoster, Raymond, How Much Do We Really Know About Criminal Deterrence?, 100 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 765 (2010).
Patton, David E., Guns, Crime Control, and a Systemic Approach to Federal Sentencing, 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 1427 (2011).
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Pew Center on the States, Public Opinion Strategies, National Research of Public Attitudes on Crime and Punishment (Sept. 2010).
Pogarsky, Greg, Identifying “Deterrable” Offenders: Implications for Research on Deterrence, 19 Just. Q. 431 (2002).
RAND Corp., Joan Petersilia & Peter W. Greenwood, Mandatory Prison Sentences: Their Projected Effects on Crime and Prison Populations (Oct. 1977).
RAND Corp., Joan Petersilia & Peter W. Greenwood, Drug Research Policy Center, Jonathan P. Caulkins, C. Peter, Rydell, William L.
Schwabe, & James Chiesa, Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences: Throwing Away the Key or the Taxpayers’ Money (1997).
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Richman, Daniel, The Past, Present and Future of Violent Crime Federalization, 34 Crim. Just. 377 (2006).
Russell, Sarah French, Rethinking Recidivist Enhancements: The Role of Prior Drug Convictions in Federal Sentencing, 43 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1135 (2010).
Schoenburg, Peter, & Steve McCue, Controlled Substances, 21-Jul Champion 37 (1997).
Schulhofer, Stephen J., Rethinking Mandatory Minimums, 28 Wake Forest L. Rev. 199 (1993).
Schulhofer, Stephen J., & Ilene H. Nagel, Plea Negotiations Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Guideline Circumvention and Its Dynamics in the Post-Mistretta Period, 91 Nw. U. L. Rev.
1284 (1997).
Schweikert, G. Adam, III, Note, Third Party Cooperation: A Welcome Addition to Substantial Assistance Departure Jurisprudence, 30 Conn. L. Rev. 1445 (1998).
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Sevigny, Eric L., Excessive Uniformity in Federal Drug Sentencing, 25 J. Quant. Criminology 155 (2009).
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