USA Law

Court Personnel

Court Personnel in the United States

Introduction to Court Personnel (State statute topic)

Dealing with Judges and Court Personnel

This section examines the Dealing with Judges and Court Personnel subject in its related phase of trial. In some cases, other key elements related to trials, such as personal injury, business, and criminal litigation, are also addressed.

Court Personnel

Court Personnel (Immunity From Liability)

This section introduces, discusses and describes the basics of court personnel. Then, cross references and a brief overview about Immunity From Liability is provided. Finally, the subject of Civil Rights Law in relation with court personnel is examined. Note that a list of cross references, bibliography and other resources appears at the end of this entry.

Finding the law: Court Personeel in the U.S. Code

A collection of general and permanent laws relating to court personnel, passed by the United States Congress, are organized by subject matter arrangements in the United States Code (U.S.C.; this label examines court personnel topics), to make them easy to use (usually, organized by legal areas into Titles, Chapters and Sections). The platform provides introductory material to the U.S. Code, and cross references to case law. View the U.S. Code’s table of contents here.

Resources

Further Reading

  • Courting Customers’ exercise improves court services (focus), Frank, Lauren, 79: 48, 50 (July-Aug. ’95, AJS Judicature)
  • ‘Program Accessibility’: How Courts Can Accomodate People with Disabilities, Dooley, Jeanne and Wood, Erica, 76: 250-253 (Feb.-Mar. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • ‘We All Get Along Here’: Case Flow in Rural Courts, Fahnestock, Kathryn and Geiger, Maurice D., 76: 258-263 (Feb.-Mar. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • “Into the Soup?”: The Acclimation of Ninth Circuit Appellate Judges, Wasby, Stephen L., 73: 10-16 (Jun.-Jul. ’89, AJS Judicature)
  • “Firsts” in high court diversity (focus), Reddick, Malia and Gray, Sara, 94: 186-187 (Jan-Feb ’11, AJS Judicature)
  • 1,000 Judges – The Limit for an Effective Federal Judiciary, Newman, Jon O., 76: 187-188, 194 (Dec.-Jan. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • Abysmal Neglect (letter), Fogel, Joseph, 60: 161 (Oct. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • Adjudicatory Processes and the Organization of Trial Courts, Kerwin, Cornelius, Henderson, Thomas, and Baar, Carl, 70: 99-107 (Aug.-Sep. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • The administration of justice in a multilingual society–open to interpretation or lost in translation?, Kahaner, Steven M., 92: 224-231 (6, AJS Judicature)
  • AJS Model Code of Conduct for Nonjudicial Court Employees, Author, No, 73: 138-140 (Oct.-Nov. ’89, AJS Judicature)
  • Amicus curiae or amicus praesidentis? Reexamining the role of the solicitor general in filing amici, Pacelle, Richard L., Jr., 89: 317-325 (Mar.-Apr. ’06, AJS Judicature)
  • The Amicus Curiae Role of the U.S. Solicitor General in Supreme Court Litigation, O’Connor, Karen, 66: 256-264 (Dec.-Jan. ’83, AJS Judicature)
  • The attorney gender gap in U.S. Supreme Court litigation, Sarver, Tammy A., Kaheny, Erin B., and Szmer, John J., 91: 238-250 (Mar-Apr ’08, AJS Judicature)
  • Author’s Response (letter), Brakel, Samuel Jan, 70: 260, 312 (Feb.-Mar. ’87, AJS Judicature)
  • The authors respond (letter), Reynolds, William L. and Richman, William M., 81: 6, 40-41 (July-Aug. ’97, AJS Judicature)
  • Batson for the bench?, King, Nancy J., 82: 74-78 (Sept.-Oct. ’98, AJS Judicature)
  • Can CAT Help Court Reporters Speed Transcript Production and Reduce Appellate Delay? (query), Author, No, 69: 185, 245 (Dec.-Jan. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Can We Match The Skills of Our Judges to The Needs of Our Courts? (query), Shapiro, Irving S., 62: 164-165 (Oct. ’78, AJS Judicature)
  • Centralized Research Staff: Is There a Monster in the Judicial Closet?, Stow, Mary Lou and Spaeth, Harold J., 75: 216-221 (Dec.-Jan. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • The changing nature of psychological expert testimony in child custody cases, Wah, Carolyn R., 86: 152-161 (Nov.-Dec. ’02, AJS Judicature)
  • Child Victims in Court: The Limits of Innovation, Whitcomb, Debra, 70: 90-94 (Aug.-Sep. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Civil Mediation in Palm Beach: A “Retired” Massachusetts Judge Pioneers A Sucessful New Program (focus), Ratliff, Leslie C., 73: 51-53, 57 (Jun.-Jul. ’89, AJS Judicature)
  • The Clerk Connection: Appearances Before The Supreme Court By Former Law Clerks, O’Connor, Karen and Hermann, John R., 78: 247-249 (Mar.-Apr. ’95, AJS Judicature)
  • Clerk of Court Not Liable for Entering Judgment Erroneously (decision of note), Stiegler, Mayo H., 64: 470 (May ’81, AJS Judicature)
  • Clerks Are Administrators (letter), Davey, James F., 60: 204 (Dec. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • Clerks Must Establish Immunity, Court Rules (decision of note), Stiegler, Mayo H., 65: 496 (May ’82, AJS Judicature)
  • A Code of Ethics for Judicial Administrators, Gallas, Geoff and Lampasi, Michael J., 61: 311-317 (Feb. ’78, AJS Judicature)
  • Collegiality and the Court of Appeals, Seitz, Collins J., 75: 26-27 (Jun.-Jul. ’91, AJS Judicature)
  • Collegiality and the District Courts, Ziegler, Donald E., 75: 74-75 (Jun.-Jul. ’91, AJS Judicature)
  • Compensation of Court Managers: Current Salaries and Related Factors, Reinkensmeyer, Marcus Wm., 75: 154-160 (Oct-Nov ’91, AJS Judicature)
  • The composition of state supreme courts, 2000, Bonneau, Chris W., 85: 26-31 (July-Aug. ’01, AJS Judicature)
  • Congress to Consider Courts Study Bill, Amendments to Judicial Survivors’ Annuities Act, Garmel, Julie, 75: 272, 279-280 (Feb.-Mar. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • Coping with disaster, Kaye, Judith S., 85: 112-114 (Nov.-Dec. ’01, AJS Judicature)
  • Correct Assessment (letter), Strawn, David U., 60: 256 (Jan. ’77, AJS Judicature)
  • Court Executives and Decentralization of the Federal Judiciary, Flanders, Steven, 70: 273-279 (Feb.-Mar. ’87, AJS Judicature)
  • Court-community collaboration: new partnerships for court improvement, Transcript, AJS, 80: 200-205 (Mar.-Apr. ’97, AJS Judicature)
  • Criticizing judges, Pollak, Louis H., 79: 298-302 (May-June ’96, AJS Judicature)
  • The Dangers of Ex Parte Communications (editorial), Editorial, AJS, 74: 288-289 (Apr.-May ’91, AJS Judicature)
  • Different Voices, Different Choices? The Impact of More Women Lawyers and Judges on the Justice System, Author, No, 74: 138-146 (Oct.-Nov. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • Documenting Gender Bias in the Courts: The Task Force Approach, Schafran, Lynn Hecht, 70: 280-290 (Feb.-Mar. ’87, AJS Judicature)
  • Enlisting the justice community in court improvement, Borys, Bryan, Banks, Cynthia D., and Parker, Darrel, 82: 176-183 (Jan.-Feb. ’99, AJS Judicature)
  • Ensuring common ground between state court administrators and chief justices (viewpoint), Drennan, James C., 86: 7-8, 56 (July-Aug. ’02, AJS Judicature)
  • Ethical Conduct of Nonjudicial Court Employees: A Proposed Model Code, Ozar, David T., Kelly, Cynthia, and Begue, Yvette, 73: 126-137 (Oct.-Nov. ’89, AJS Judicature)
  • Ethical Conduct of State Court Employees and Administrators: The Search for Standards, Ozar, David T., Kelly, Cynthia, and Begue, Yvette, 71: 262-276 (Feb.-Mar. ’88, AJS Judicature)
  • Evaluating Court Training Programs, Hudzik, John K. and Wakeley, John H., 64: 369-375 (Mar. ’81, AJS Judicature)
  • Evaluating the performance of judges standing for retention (panel discussion), Discussion, Panel, 79: 190-197 (Jan.-Feb. ’96, AJS Judicature)
  • An Examination of the Victim’s Role at Sentencing: Results of a Survey of Probation Administrators, McLeod, Maureen, 71: 162-168 (Oct.-Nov. ’87, AJS Judicature)
  • Examining an Analogy: Does the Judicial Monster Eat Chaff?, Stow, Mary Lou and Spaeth, Harold J., 75: 294, 337 (Apr.-May ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • Facing the Monster in the Judicial Closet: Rebutting a Presumption of Sloth, Brown, David J., 75: 291-293 (Apr.-May ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • The Federal Magistrate System – Under New Scrutiny (focus), Krasno, Miriam R., 67: 256-257 (Nov. ’83, AJS Judicature)
  • Fees for Court Appointed Lawyers (letter), Streby, John A., 63: 465 (May ’80, AJS Judicature)
  • Florida’s 8th Judicial Circuit Launches A CJIS Network (focus), Brisson, David, 74: 278-279 (Feb.-Mar. ’91, AJS Judicature)
  • FOIA Uncovers Prosecutorial Abuse (letter), Korn, Walter, 66: 384 (Apr. ’83, AJS Judicature)
  • Former U.S. Magistrates as District Judges: The Possibilitites and Consequences of Promotion within the Federal Judiciary, Smith, Christopher E., 73: 268-272 (Feb.-Mar. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • Fostering the Court’s Image (letter), House, Toni, 75: 186 (Dec.-Jan. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • From U.S. Magistrates to U.S. Magistrate Judges: Developments Affecting the Federal District Courts’ Lower Tier of Judicial Officers, Smith, Christopher E., 75: 210-215 (Dec.-Jan. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • Gender and racial fairness in the courts (editorial), Editorial, AJS, 77: 64, 65 (Sep.-Oct. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • Gender bias in court personnel administration, Kearney, Richard C. and Sellers, Holly Taylor, 81: 8-14 (July-Aug. ’97, AJS Judicature)
  • Gender Equality In The Courts: Still On The Judicial Agenda (focus), Schafran, Lynn Hecht, 77: 110-113 (Sep.-Oct. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • Government Attorneys’ Ethics in Transition, Norton, Jerry E., 72: 299-303 (Feb.-Mar. ’89, AJS Judicature)
  • The Growth of the Federal Judicial Labor Force: A Budget-Based Perspective, Nase, Jonathan P., 70: 157-160 (Oct.-Nov. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Has The Time Come for Judicial Sabbaticals?, Robbins, Ira P., 71: 306-316 (Apr.-May ’88, AJS Judicature)
  • The Hearing Impaired Advocate, Harris, Susan R., 67: 95-97 (Aug. ’83, AJS Judicature)
  • Help From Administrators (letter), Nelson, Thomas E., 62: 414 (Mar. ’79, AJS Judicature)
  • How Will The Courts Be Managed?, Footlick, Jerrold K., 60: 78-83 (Aug.-Sep. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • The impact of term limits for Supreme Court justices, Gruhl, John, 81: 66-72 (Sept.-Oct. ’97, AJS Judicature)
  • The Importance of Political Theory for Court Administrators, Corso, Joseph W., 63: 427-435 (Apr. ’80, AJS Judicature)
  • Individual justices and the solicitor general: The amicus curiae cases, 1953-2000, Deen, Rebecca E., Ignagni, Joseph, and Meernik, James, 89: 68-77 (Sept.-Oct. ’05, AJS Judicature)
  • Infinity Project seeks to increase gender diversity of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals (focus), Kenney, Sally J., 92: 131-132 (3, AJS Judicature)
  • The Influence of the Solicitor General on Supreme Court Disposition of Federal Circuit Court Decisions: A Closer Look at the Ninth Circuit Record, Uelmen, Gerald F., 69: 360-366 (Apr.-May ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Is It Time To Amend The Judicial Survivors Annuity System? (query), Tacha, Deanell Reece, 75: 237, 281 (Feb.-Mar. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • Joint Degree (letter), Pine, Patrick J., 60: 204 (Dec. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • The Judicial ‘Firm’: A Useful Model for Understanding Decision-Making in a Juvenile Court, Glick, Henry R., 63: 328-337 (Feb. ’80, AJS Judicature)
  • Judicial Assignment, Efficiency and Politics, Ryan, John Paul, 70: 78-79 (Aug.-Sep. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Judicial Quality vs. Quantity (letter), Salibra, Lawrence A., II, 76: 220, 273 (Feb.-Mar. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • Justice Frankfurter and Justice Reed: Friendship and Lobbying on the Court, Canon, Bradley C., Greenfield, Kimberly, and Fleming, Jason S., 78: 224-231 (Mar.-Apr. ’95, AJS Judicature)
  • Keep the Faith (letter), Zoller, Norman E., 60: 256 (Jan. ’77, AJS Judicature)
  • Keeping A Secure Courthouse, Carter, Richard W., 76: 314-318 (Apr.-May ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • The last straw for Dallas County’s courts, Gaither, Hal, 76: 316-317 (Apr.-May ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • Law Clerks: Their Roles and Relationships with Their Judges, Crump, David, 69: 236-240 (Feb.-Mar. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Legal information vs. legal advice: Developments during the last five years, Greacen, John M., 84: 198-204 (Jan.-Feb. ’01, AJS Judicature)
  • Legal staff and the dynamics of appellate decision making, Norman, Douglas K., 84: 175-177 (Jan.-Feb. ’01, AJS Judicature)
  • Local Court Administration: Findings From A Survey of Appointed Managers, Mays, G. Larry and Taggart, William A., 69: 29-35 (Jun.-Jul. ’85, AJS Judicature)
  • Magistrates and the Work of Federal Courts: A New Division of Labor, Seron, Carroll, 69: 353-359 (Apr.-May ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • The Making of a Court Administrator, Cheatham, Frank S., Jr., 60: 128-133 (Oct. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • Marshal holds abusers accountable (brief), Richert, David, 83: 317 (May-June ’00, AJS Judicature)
  • The Memos of Supreme Court Law Clerk William Rehnquist: Conservative Tracts, or Mirrors of His Justice’s Mind?, Brenner, Saul, 76: 77-81 (Aug.-Sep. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • Minor Friction, Not Total War (letter), Horey, Robert L., 60: 256 (Jan. ’77, AJS Judicature)
  • Minorities and justice in Nebraska (brief), Richert, David, 86: 216 (Jan.-Feb. ’03, AJS Judicature)
  • The miracle of jury reform in New York, Levine, James P. and Zeidman, Steven, 88: 178-184 (Jan.-Feb. ’05, AJS Judicature)
  • A Modest Experiment (letter), Kelly, Michael J., 75: 288-289 (Apr.-May ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • Monstrous Analysis (letter), Griffith, Frederick J., III, 75: 288 (Apr.-May ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • More facts needed (letter), Flanders, Steven, 81: 6 (July-Aug. ’97, AJS Judicature)
  • More Senior Judges Needed (letter), Wales, H. Elliot, 77: 65 (Sep.-Oct. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • Mr. Brown’s Response, Brown, David J., 75: 337 (Apr.-May ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • My “Freshman Years” On The Court of Appeals, Kaye, Judith S., 70: 166-167 (Oct.-Nov. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Needed Attention (letter), Valentine, Michael J., 77: 58 (Jul.-Aug. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • The new certiorari courts (viewpoint), Reynolds, William L. and Richman, William M., 80: 206-212 (Mar.-Apr. ’97, AJS Judicature)
  • A new way for courts to promote professionalism (viewpoint), Bien, Elliot L., 86: 132-133, 167-168 (Nov.-Dec. ’02, AJS Judicature)
  • Ninth Circuit Appellate Commissioner Assists Judges, Frank, Lauren, 78: 321 (May-Jun. ’95, AJS Judicature)
  • Ombudsman Program Bridges Gap Between Judges and Lawyers (focus), Weisberg, Lynn, 73: 222 (Dec.-Jan. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • Oregon uses volunteer pro tem judges for some civil cases, Farr, Mary Ellen, Page, 94: 311 (may-june ’11, AJS Judicature)
  • Organizing The Criminal Appeals Process: The Views of Judges, Government Attorneys and Defense Counsel, Hanson, Roger A. and Chapper, Joy, 72: 239-246 (Dec.-Jan. ’89, AJS Judicature)
  • Preparing to Manage the Courts: The Educational Backgrounds of Court Administrators, Taggart, William A. and Mays, G. Larry, 67: 284-291 (Dec.-Jan. ’84)

    Pretrial Motions in a U.S. District Court: The Role of the Law Clerk, Hall, Melinda Gann, 74: 65 (Aug.-Sep. ’90, AJS Judicature)

  • Prison Reform Litigation (letter), Koren, Edward I., 70: 260 (Feb.-Mar. ’87, AJS Judicature)
  • Prison Reform Litigation: Has the Revolution Gone Too Far? (query), Brakel, Samuel Jan, 70: 5-6, 64-65 (Jun.-Jul. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • A Professional Responsibility (letter), Suter, William K., 75: 186, 227 (Dec.-Jan. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • Professional Training for the Court Administrator, Yegge, Robert B., 60: 123-127 (Oct. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • Professor Slotnick Responds (letter), Slotnick, Elliot E., 75: 227 (Dec.-Jan. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • A Profile of State Court Administrators, Shapiro, Robert A. and Doan, Rachel N., 60: 119-122 (Oct. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • Promoting Team Management in Federal Trial Courts, Zimmer, Markus B., 71: 215-219 (Dec.-Jan. ’88, AJS Judicature)
  • A quota system? (letter), Abraham, Henry J., 83: 5 (July-Aug. ’99, AJS Judicature)
  • Rehnquist Award honors L.A. judge (brief), Brief, AJS, 82: 140-141 (Nov.-Dec. ’98, AJS Judicature)
  • A Response to the Response (letter), Polansky, Larry P., 70: 141 (Oct.-Nov. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • A Response to the Responses (letter), Nagel, Stuart S., 70: 79 (Aug.-Sep. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • The Retired Judges Service Act In The District of Columbia: Can it Withstand Constitutional Challenge?, Nemeth, Charles P., 73: 253-258 (Feb.-Mar. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • The Rise of the Court Executive, Soloman, Harvey E., 60: 114-118 (Oct. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • Rubber Stamp or Reason? (letter), Wasby, Stephen L. and Bierman, Luke, 75: 289 (Apr.-May ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • Sabbaticals at NIJ (letter), Stewart, James K., 72: 4 (Jun.-Jul. ’88, AJS Judicature)
  • A security threat to judges (letter), Williams, Ann Claire, 83: 177, 209 (Jan.-Feb. ’00, AJS Judicature)
  • The Selection and Tenure of Chief Justices, Vile, John R., 78: 96-100 (Sep.-Oct. ’94)

    Shorthand Reporters Adopt Continuing Educational Standards (news), Author, No, 60: 352 (Feb. ’77, AJS Judicature)

  • Should A Clerk Ever Reveal Confidential Information? (query), Abramson, Jeffrey B., 63: 361-363, 402-404 (Mar. ’80, AJS Judicature)
  • Should Judges Manage Their Own Caseloads? (query), Enslen, Richard A., 70: 200-201 (Dec.-Jan. ’87, AJS Judicature)
  • Should Lawyers Be More Critical of Courts? (query), Miner, Roger J., 71: 134-135, 172 (Oct.-Nov. ’87, AJS Judicature)
  • The solicitor general as amicus, 1953-2000: How influential?, Ignagni, Joseph, Deen, Rebecca E., and Meernik, James, 87: 60-71 (Sept.-Oct. ’03, AJS Judicature)
  • State Appellate Court Responses to Caseload Growth, Marvell, Thomas B., 72: 282-291 (Feb.-Mar. ’89, AJS Judicature)
  • State Panels Document Racial, Ethnic Bias In The Courts (focus), Tyler, Arline S. and Montano, Steven, 78: 154-156, 161 (Nov.-Dec. ’94)

    Stow and Spaeth Respond (letter), Stow, Mary Lou and Spaeth, Harold J., 75: 289-290 (Apr.-May ’92, AJS Judicature)

  • Strategies for Judicial Research: Soaking and Poking in the Judiciary (Further Reflections on Working in the Papers of Supreme Court Justices), Ulmer, S. Sidney, 73: 193-196 (Dec.-Jan. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • Strategies for Judicial Research: Soaking and Poking in the Judiciary (Interviewing Supreme Court Personnel), Perry, H.W.,, Jr., 73: 199-200 (Dec.-Jan. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • Strategies for Judicial Research: Soaking and Poking in the Judiciary (Interviewing Trial Judges), Heumann, Milton, 73: 200-202 (Dec.-Jan. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • Strategies for Judicial Research: Soaking and Poking in the Judiciary (Interviewing U.S. Supreme Court Justices and Interest Group Attorneys), Epstein, Lee, 73: 196-198 (Dec.-Jan. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • Strategies for Judicial Research: Soaking and Poking in the Judiciary (Introduction) (introduction), Johnson, Charles A., 73: 192-193 (Dec.-Jan. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • The Supreme Court’s experience gap (viewpoint), Fortunato, Stephen J., Jr., 82: 251-254, 300 (May-June ’99, AJS Judicature)
  • Survey examines civility in the Seventh Circuit (focus), Hackett, Terry, 75: 107-108 (Aug.-Sep. ’91, AJS Judicature)
  • Systematic Assignment in the Urban Court, Polansky, Larry P., 70: 76-77 (Aug.-Sep. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Systematic Assignment of Judges: A Proposal, Nagel, Stuart S., 70: 73-75 (Aug.-Sep. ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • Toward More Effective Chief Trial Court Judges (editorial), Editorial, AJS, 75: 184 (Dec.-Jan. ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • The Transition from Lawyer to Judge: Connecticut’s Pre-Bench Orientation Program (focus), Ment, Aaron, 73: 281-282, 288 (Feb.-Mar. ’90, AJS Judicature)
  • Trial Court Democracy (letter), Burke, Kevin S., 75: 288 (Apr.-May ’92, AJS Judicature)
  • An Unanswered Question (letter), Reiner, Larry D., 67: 368 (Mar. ’84)

    Unionization of State Court Employees: A Growing Movement, Cole, George F. and Wadsworth, John R., 61: 262-270 (Dec.-Jan. ’78, AJS Judicature)

  • A Unique and Positive Experience (letter), LaPeer, Russell W., 69: 376 (Apr.-May ’86, AJS Judicature)
  • The Unmaking of a Court Administrator?, Berkson, Larry C. and Hays, Steven W., 60: 134-139 (Oct. ’76, AJS Judicature)
  • The Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982 – Does It Promise More Than The System Can Deliver? (focus), Krasno, Miriam R., 66: 469-471 (May ’83, AJS Judicature)
  • Videotape transcripts (letter), Akenhead, Vicki, 82: 154 (Jan.-Feb. ’99, AJS Judicature)
  • What judges can learn from gender bias task force studies, Jackson, Vicki C., 81: 15-21 (July-Aug. ’97, AJS Judicature)
  • When Justices Need Lawyers: The U.S. Supreme Court’s Legal Office , Winkle, John W., III and Swann, Martha B., 76: 244-249 (Feb.-Mar. ’93, AJS Judicature)
  • Women and minorities on state and federal appellate benches, 1985 and 1999, Hurwitz, Mark S. and Lanier, Drew Noble, 85: 84-92 (Sept.-Oct. ’01, AJS Judicature)
  • Women justices (letter), Stockmeyer, Norman Otto, Jr., 85: 171 (Jan.-Feb. ’02, AJS Judicature)

  • Resources

    Further Reading

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